Person and intervention characteristics of patients and controls divided by age group
| Children (0–18 years) | Young adults (19–60 years) | Middle aged (61–70 years) | Elderly (>70 years) | ||||||||
| Patients | Controls | Patients | Controls | Patients | Controls | Patients | Controls | ||||
| SVR | SVR | TVI | SVR | TVI | SVR | TVI | |||||
| Number of persons,* n (%) | 411 | 4170 | 3213 (99.0) | 33 (1.0) | 33 960 | 4826 (98.6) | 70 (1.4) | 50 440 | 9527 (92.2) | 809 (7.8) | 10,0355 |
| Follow-up in years,† mean±SD | 2.2±1.2 | <4.0 | 2.0±1.2 | 0.5±0.3 | <4.0 | 1.9±1.2 | 0.4±0.3 | <4.0 | 1.8±1.2 | 0.4±0.3 | <4.0 |
| Age at time of intervention, mean±SD, range | 5.5±6.2 | – | 50.3±9.4 | 39.4±14.9 | – | 66.0±2.8 | 66.9±2.1 | – | 77.6±4.4 | 81.9±4.9 | – |
| 0–18 | 0–18 | 19–60 | 19–60 | 19–60 | 61–70 | 62–70 | 61–70 | 71–94 | 71–95 | >70 | |
| Male, n (%) | 245 (59.6) | 2490 (59.7) | 2140 (66.6) | 23 (69.7) | 22 730 (66.9) | 3261 (67.6) | 43 (61.4) | 33 770 (67.0) | 5075 (53.3) | 387 (47.8) | 47 580 (47.4) |
| SES,‡ n (%) | |||||||||||
| 0–20 | 72 (17.5) | 720 (17.3) | 737 (22.9) | 4 (12.1) | 7650 (22.5) | 987 (20.5) | 23 (32.9) | 10 530 (20.9) | 2042 (21.4) | 202 (25.0) | 21 780 (21.7) |
| 21–40 | 80 (19.5) | 810 (19.4) | 681 (21.2) | 6 (18.2) | 7250 (21.3) | 994 (20.6) | 12 (17.1) | 10 310 (20.4) | 2031 (21.3) | 161 (19.9) | 21 280 (21.2) |
| 41–70 | 124 (30.2) | 1250 (30.0) | 897 (27.9) | 11 (33.3) | 9570 (28.2) | 1587 (32.9) | 16 (22.9) | 16 490 (32.7) | 2984 (31.3) | 228 (28.2) | 31 180 (31.1) |
| 71–100 | 135 (32.8) | 1390 (33.3) | 888 (27.6) | 12 (36.4) | 9380 (27.6) | 1256 (26.0) | 19 (27.1) | 13 090 (26.0) | 2469 (25.9) | 218 (26.9) | 26 110 (26.0) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||||||
| COPD, DM, kidney disease and/or HF | 780 (24.3) | 9 (27.3) | 8510 (25.1) | 2086 (43.2) | 47 (67.1) | 22 160 (43.9) | 5041 (52.9) | 518 (64.0) | 54 145 (54.0) | ||
| Hypertension | 1106 (34.4) | 6 (18.2) | 11 600 (34.2) | 1659 (34.4) | 17 (24.3) | 17 330 (34.4) | 3036 (31.9) | 199 (24.6) | 31 310 (31.2) | ||
| Other comorbidities | 293 (9.1) | 3 (9.1) | 3170 (9.3) | 416 (8.6) | 3 (4.3) | 4210 (8.3) | 575 (6.0) | 36 (4.4) | 5880 (5.9) | ||
| No comorbidities | 411 (100.0) | 4170 (100.0) | 1034 (32.2) | 15 (45.5) | 10 680 (31.4) | 665 (13.8) | 3 (4.3) | 6740 (13.4) | 875 (9.2) | 56 (6.9) | 9020 (9.0) |
| Valve position, n (%) | |||||||||||
| Aortic | 29 (7.1) | 2460 (76.6) | 6 (18.2) | 4133 (85.6) | 25 (35.7) | 8578 (90.0) | 395 (48.8) | ||||
| Pulmonary | 338 (82.2) | 115 (3.6) | 2 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | |||||||
| Mitral | 19 (4.6) | 431 (13.4) | 2 (6.1) | 484 (10.0) | 1 (1.4) | 652 (6.8) | |||||
| Tricuspid | 23 (5.6) | 65 (2.0) | 34 (0.7) | 36 (0.4) | |||||||
| Aortic and mitral | 2 (0.5) | 142 (4.4) | 173 (3.6) | 259 (2.7) | |||||||
| Unknown | 25 (75.8) | 44 (62.9) | 414 (51.2) | ||||||||
| Concomitant procedures, n (%) | |||||||||||
| No concomitant procedures | 214 (52.1) | 1924 (59.9) | 33 (100.0) | 2485 (51.5) | 70 (100.0) | 4735 (49.7) | 807 (99.8) | ||||
| CABG | 407 (12.7) | 1364 (28.3) | 3409 (35.8) | 2 (0.2) | |||||||
| Valve repair | 1 (0.2) | 253 (7.9) | 344 (7.1) | 643 (6.7) | |||||||
| Maze+CABG or valve repair | 58 (1.8) | 212 (4.4) | 418 (4.4) | ||||||||
| Bentall | 8 (1.9) | 303 (9.4) | 162 (3.4) | 94 (1.0) | |||||||
| Aortic ascendens | 173 (5.4) | 161 (3.3) | 114 (1.2) | ||||||||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 187 (45.5) | 6 (0.2) | |||||||||
| Aortic ascendens+valve repair | 27 (0.8) | 31 (0.6) | 36 (0.4) | ||||||||
| HOCM | 11 (0.3) | 14 (0.3) | 52 (0.5) | ||||||||
| Aortic root | 24 (0.7) | 19 (0.4) | 8 (0.1) | ||||||||
| Aortic root+CABG | 17 (0.5) | 17 (0.4) | 13 (0.1) | ||||||||
| Left ventricle repair | 1 (0.2) | 10 (0.3) | 17 (0.4) | 5 (0.1) | |||||||
*Fourteen patients excluded because their age was unknown.
†Control group includes patients who died during the study period, but information on number of deaths or follow-up of controls was not available.
‡Higher percentiles represent higher SES.
CABG, concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HF, heart failure; HOCM, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy; SES, socioeconomic status; SVR, surgical heart valve replacement; TVI, transcatheter heart valve implantation.