Level of benefit of pharmacist’s intervention on clinical, humanistic and economic outcomes in cardiovascular disease
| Outcome | Level of benefit |
| Blood pressure control (hypertension) | + |
| Glycaemic control (diabetes) | + |
| Smoking cessation | + |
| Lipid profile (lipid management) | +/– (+ for total cholesterol; +/– for LDL, HDL cholesterol or triglycerides) |
| Cardiovascular outcomes (morbidity and mortality) | +/– (+ in case of HF) |
| Medication adherence | +/– (+ in case of HF and CHD) |
| Health literacy | + |
| Quality of the medication use process | + |
| Healthcare costs | +/– |
+, proved benefit; +/–, benefit unclear; CHD, coronary heart disease; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HF, heart failure; LDL, low density lipoprotein.