Baseline characteristics
| Total population (N=114) | |
| Age (years) | 79.6±8.7 |
| Male, n (%) | 37 (32.5) |
| Body surface area (m²) | 1.88±0.21 |
| NYHA angina pectoris ≥ III, n (%) | 11 (9.6) |
| NYHA dyspnoea ≥ III, n (%) | 39 (34.2) |
| EuroSCORE 1 | 17.6±11.4 |
| Society of Thoracic Surgeons score | 6.6±5.6 |
| Estimated CSHA Clinical Frailty Score | 4.9±0.5 |
| ASA physical status classification system score (N=111) | |
| ASA I-II,n (%) | 15 (13.5) |
| ASA III-IV,n (%) | 96 (86.5) |
| Metabolic Equivalent score | 4 (3–6) |
| Risk factors | |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 30 (26.3) |
| Hypertension,n (%) | 74 (64.9) |
| Hyperlipidaemia, n (%) | 41 (36.0) |
| Positive family history, n (%) | 9 (7.9) |
| Medical history | |
| PCI, n (%) | 29 (25.4) |
| CABG, n (%) | 11 (9.6) |
| Pacemaker/ICD, n (%) | 12 (10.5) |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 48 (42.1) |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 15 (13.2) |
| Decompensated heart failure, n (%) | 36 (31.6) |
| Kidney failure, n (%) | 37 (32.5) |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 16 (14.0) |
| CVA, n (%) | 7 (6.1) |
| TIA, n (%) | 23 (20.2) |
| Chronic lung disease, n (%) | 28 (24.6) |
| Liver cirrhosis, n (%) | 1 (0.9) |
| Medication | |
| Anticoagulant use, n (%) | 90 (78.9) |
| ACE inhibitor, n (%) | 37 (32.5) |
| Beta-blocker, n (%) | 62 (54.4) |
| Diuretic, n (%) | 77 (67.5) |
| Metformin, n (%) | 20 (17.5) |
| Statins, n (%) | 63 (55.3) |
Numbers given as mean±SD or, if not normally distributed, as median±IQR.
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CSHA, Canadian Study of Health and Aging; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; EuroSCORE, European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.