Characteristics of included studies
| Author, year | Journal | Source of study population | Method for diagnosing CAN | Inclusion criteria | Number of participants | Mean follow-up duration (years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stella 20003 | Journal of Diabetes and its Complications | Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Prospective Study (EDC Study) | Heart rate response to deep breathing | Patients with type 1 diabetes | 373 | 4.7 |
| Witte 200523 | Diabetologia | Part of the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study | Loss of heart rate variability or postural hypotension on standing | Patients with type 1 diabetes | 956 | 7.3 |
| Mogenson 201221 | Diabetes | Type 1 diabetic patients registry | CAN was defined as two or more abnormal tests: heart rate variability during deep breathing, Valsalva ratio, lying-to-standing test and blood pressure response to standing up | Inclusion criteria were type 1 diabetes according to American Diabetes Association criteria of at least 10 years' duration, age between 18 and 75 years and HbA1C, 10%. Exclusion criteria were albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio 30 mg/g; elevated S-creatinine 120 mmol/L), untreated hypertension (0.140/85 mm Hg) and electrocardiographic signs or clinical symptoms of heart disease | 56 | Not reported |
| Orlov 201522 | Clinical Journal of American Society of Nephrology | The First Joslin Kidney Study | Heart rate variability | Patients with type 1 diabetes at the Joslin Diabetes Center | 370 | 14 |
CAN, cardiac autonomic neuropathy.