Risk of bias of included observational studies
| Study (author, year, setting) | Context | Study design | Bias | Risk of bias assessment | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S | DM | ND | C | ||||
| Maron, 2010 (USA and Canada)39 | Stable CHD | Prospective cohort | Low | Low | Low | High | High risk of confounding |
| Lafitte, 2009 (France)36 | ACS in hospital | Prospective cohort | High | High | High | High | High risk of bias |
| Bushnell, 2011 (USA)30 | Ischaemic stroke/TIA in hospital | Retrospective cohort | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low risk of bias |
| Jackevicius, 2008 (Canada)31 | AMI in hospital | Retrospective cohort | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low risk of bias |
| Khanderia, 2005 (USA)40 | CABG in hospital | Retrospective case–control | High | Low | Low | High | High risk of bias |
| Glader, 2010 (Sweden)32 | Acute stroke in hospital | Prospective cohort | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low risk of bias |
| O'Brien, 2015 (USA)37 | NSTEMI in hospital | Retrospective cohort | Low | Low | Low | High | Low risk of bias, but high risk of confounding |
| Castellano, 2014 (Argentina, Brazil, Italy, Paraguay and Spain)25 | Aged >40 years with AMI within last 2 years | Cross-sectional study | High | Low | Low | High | High risk of bias—selection bias and confounding |
| Ko, 2005 (Canada)18 | AMI aged ≥65 years in hospital | Retrospective cohort | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low risk of bias but unclear risk of confounding |
| Harats, 2005 (Israel)33 | CHD in hospital | Cross-sectional then prospective cohort | Low | High | Low | High | High risk of bias due to differential misclassification and confounding |
| Winkelmayer, 2007 (Austria)34 | AMI in hospital | Retrospective cohort | Low | Low | Low | High | Low risk of bias but high risk of confounding |
| Ye, 2007 (USA)35 | CHD and initiated statin in hospital | Retrospective cohort | Low | Low | Low | High | Low risk of bias but high risk of confounding |
| Mathews, 2015 (USA)38 | ACS in hospital | Prospective cohort | Low | Low | Low | High | Low risk of bias but high risk of confounding |
Bias: S, selection; DM, differential misclassification; ND, non-differential misclassification; C, confounding. AMI, acute myocardial infarction; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CHD, coronary heart disease; NSTEMI, non-ST elevation myocardial infarction; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.