Variable | Non-survivors mean±SD (n=29) | Survivors mean±SD (n=46) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years)* | 76.7±9.8 | 68.2±14 | 0.006 |
Gender (female) | 38% | 41% | 0.772 |
BSA (m2) | 1.8±0.3 | 1.8±0.2 | 0.696 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 124±19 | 126±22 | 0.804 |
Symptoms | |||
Angina | 10.7% | 8.7% | 0.774 |
Dyspnoea | 85.7% | 82.6% | 0.725 |
NYHA class* | 2.7±0.8 | 2.3±0.8 | 0.037 |
Cardiovascular risk factors | |||
Diabetes mellitus* | 21% | 6.5% | 0.057 |
Hypertension | 71.4% | 65.2% | 0.581 |
Cardiovascular comorbidities | |||
CHF | 89.3% | 82.6% | 0.434 |
CAD* | 60.7% | 34.8% | 0.031 |
Previous MI | 25% | 19.6% | 0.582 |
Atrialfibrillation/flutter | 44% | 30% | 0.228 |
CVA | 7.1% | 6.5% | 0.918 |
PVD | 14.3% | 4.3% | 0.129 |
Pacemaker | 22.2% | 13% | 0.307 |
Pulmonary hypertension* | 71.4% | 37% | 0.004 |
Non-cardiac comorbidities | |||
CKD±dialysis | 35.7% | 19.6% | 0.123 |
COPD | 14.3% | 6.5% | 0.268 |
Cancer | 25% | 10.9% | 0.111 |
Medications | |||
Aspirin | 60.9% | 52.6% | 0.531 |
β-Blockers | 64% | 46.20% | 0.163 |
ACEi/ARB | 72% | 56.8% | 0.211 |
Statins | 57.7% | 50% | 0.545 |
Vasodilators† | 21% | 29% | 0.477 |
Diuretics‡ | 67% | 57% | 0.439 |
Digoxin | 36% | 21.1% | 0.191 |
Coumadin | 37.50% | 27% | 0.388 |
Antiarrhythmics | 16% | 18.9% | 0.768 |
Laboratory | |||
Sodium (mmol/L) | 138±6 | 141±3 | 0.093 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.1±2.8 | 1.9±2.5 | 0.852 |
Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.5±1.4 | 13.1±1.8 | 0.231 |
Platelet counts (1000/µL) | 224±56 | 229±94 | 0.851 |
INR | 1.5±0.4 | 1.3±0.6 | 0.341 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 69.4±34.9 | 80.3±42.3 | 0.546 |
BNP (pg/mL)* | 1158±717 | 427±503 | 0.024 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.1±1.7 | 5.4±0.2 | 0.22 |
*p<0.05.
†Vasodilators included calcium channel blockers, α-blockers, hydralazine and nitrates.
‡Diuretics included Lasix, thiazides, spironolactone.
ACEi, ACE inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BSA, body surface area; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA, cerebral vascular accident; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; INR, international normalised ratio; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MI, myocardial infarction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure.