Echocardiographic characteristics of patients with stage A heart failure, categorised by aetiology
| Total (n=521) | T2DM−/HTN+ (n=153) | p (HTN-control) | T2DM+/HTN− (n=109) | p (T2DM-control) | p (HTN-T2DM) | T2DM+/HTN+ (n=187) | p (both-control) | P (HTN-both) | p (T2DM-both) | T2DM−/HTN− (n=72) | p (total) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVIDd | 4.6 (0.6) | 4.6 (0.6) | 4.6 (0.5) | 4.6 (0.6) | 4.5 (0.5) | 0.376 | ||||||
| LVEDV (2D) (mL) | 88 (26) | 88 (22) | 85 (25) | 91 (27) | 86 (28) | 0.189 | ||||||
| LVEF (%) | 63 (6) | 64 (6) | 64 (6) | 63 (7) | 65 (6) | 0.115 | ||||||
| RWT | 0.43 (0.1) | 0.43 (0.1) | 0.43 (0.1) | 0.44 (0.1) | 0.42 (0.1) | 0.289 | ||||||
| GLS (%) | −18.3 (2.7) | −18.9 (3) | 1.000 | −18.0 (3) | 0.005 | 0.056 | −17.4 (3) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.436 | −19.4 (2) | <0.01 |
| Abnormal GLS, n (%) | 220 (42) | 50 (33) | 51 (47) | 102 (55) | 17 (24) | <0.01 | ||||||
| DD (grade_0), n (%) | 102 (20) | 32 (21) | 23 (21) | 30 (16) | 17 (24) | 0.649 | ||||||
| DD (grade_I), n (%) | 298 (57) | 87 (57) | 58 (53) | 116 (62) | 37 (51) | |||||||
| DD (grade_II), n (%) | 100 (19) | 27 (18) | 21 (19) | 36 (19) | 16 (22) | |||||||
| E/A | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.80 (0.2) | 0.82 (0.21) | 0.78 (0.20) | 0.83 (0.18) | 0.203 | ||||||
| DT (ms) | 249 (51) | 247 (54) | 248 (53) | 253 (52) | 245 (39) | 0.597 | ||||||
| e′’ (cm/s) | 7.7 (1.6) | 7.6 (1.6) | 0.170 | 7.9 (1.7) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 7.5 (1.5) | 0.013 | 1.000 | 0.160 | 8.2 (1.6) | 0.010 |
| E/e′ | 10.1 (3) | 10.1 (3.2) | 0.135 | 10.0 (2.7) | 0.279 | 1.000 | 10.6 (3.2) | 0.003 | 0.817 | 0.731 | 9.1 (2.6) | 0.006 |
| Preclinical HF (E/e′15) (n, %) | 70 (13) | 22 (14) | 11 (10) | 33 (20) | 4 (6) | 0.049 | ||||||
| Diastolic strain (%) | 0.41 (0.15) | 0.43 (0.15) | 0.278 | 0.43 (0.13) | 0.411 | 1.000 | 0.39 (0.15) | 0.003 | 0.417 | 0.411 | 0.47 (0.15) | 0.006 |
| Diastolic SR (1/s) | 0.96 (0.26) | 0.97 (0.26) | 0.280 | 0.97 (0.27) | 0.278 | 1.000 | 0.91 (0.25) | 0.001 | 0.117 | 0.297 | 1.05 (0.25) | 0.001 |
| LAVi (mL/m2) | 31 (10) | 31 (10) | 31 (10) | 33 (10) | 30 (10) | 0.148 | ||||||
| LVMi (g/m2) | 93 (24) | 96 (22) | 0.023 | 88 (21) | 1.000 | 0.033 | 96 (26) | 0.017 | 1.000 | 0.024 | 86 (21) | 0.001 |
| Preclinical HF (LVH) (n, %) | 143 (27) | 58 (38) | 16 (15) | 58 (31) | 11 (15) | <0.01 |
Continuous variables are listed as mean (SD); categorical variables are listed as number (%).
Both=HTN+/T2DM+; control=HTN−/T2DM−; DD, diastolic dysfunction grading according to ASE recommendation; GLS, global longitudinal strain; HTN, hypertension; LAVi, left atrium volume index; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVIDd, left ventricular internal dimension during end diastole; LVMi, left ventricular mass index; RWT, relative wall thickness; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.