Baseline characteristics of study participants
| Characteristics | ART-naïve HIV n=37 | ART-exposed HIV n=42 | Non-HIV n=50 | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)*, median (range) | 4.8 (0.4–12.5) | 6.1 (1.3–12.2) | 6.4 (2.4–14.0) | 0.22 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 15 (41) | 21 (50) | 23 (46) | 0.70 |
| Low socioeconomic, n (%) | 16 (44) | 25 (60) | 10 (20) | 0.001 |
| Parental smoking after birth, n (%) | ||||
| Mother | 3 (9) | 5 (12) | 0 (0) | 0.05 |
| Father/other household member | 30 (81) | 35 (83) | 33 (66) | 0.11 |
| Parental smoking in pregnancy, n (%) | ||||
| Mother | 6 (18)† | 7 (18) | 1 (2.0) | 0.03 |
| Father/other household member | 29 (78) | 34 (81) | 34 (68) | 0.31 |
| Body weight (kg) | 14.7 (8.2) | 18.8 (5.4) | 22.4 (9.6) | <0.001 |
| Body height (cm) | 99.2 (21.9) | 109.1 (14.0) | 116.3 (17.8) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 14.2 (2.2) | 15.5 (1.9) | 15.9 (2.8) | 0.01 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 101.6 (10.7) | 99.6 (9.7) | 102.4 (9.7) | 0.41 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 63.1 (9.7) | 60.4 (7.5) | 61.3 (7.4) | 0.37 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.3 (0.9) | 4.5 (0.9) | 4.4 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.9 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c level | 0.05 (0.04–0.06) | 0.05 (0.04–0.07) | 0.06 (0.04–0.07) | 0.30 |
| hs-CRP, median (range), nmol/L | 36 (0–2759) | 47 (3.7–1227) | 4.7 (0–155) | <0.001‡ |
| HIV clinical stage 3 or 4 | 30 (85.7)§ | 18 (47.4) | <0.001 | |
| CD4 absolute level (n=56) | 258 (8–2716) | 1183 (4–2301) | – | <0.001 |
| CD4% (n=52) | 10 (1–41) | 30 (4–39) | – | 0.001 |
| Viral load (n=19) | 5840 (220–2.0×105) | 185 (0–2.1×106) | ||
| LV EF (%), median (range) | 64.5 (24.8–80.5) | 63.1 (39.3–82.4) | 67.4 (58.6–80.9) | 0.04 |
| LV mass (g) | 41.9 (16.6) | 61.1 (18.6) | 49.8 (17.3) | 0.001 |
| Use of QT prolonging drugs¶ | 16 (43.2) | 20 (34.5) | 0 (0) | |
| ART use in pregnancy, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Pulse rate (bpm) | 124 (26) | 119 (22) | 115 (19) | 0.14 |
| QTc interval (milliseconds), n=124 | 402.9 (25.7) | 415.0 (23.7) | 388.9 (20.7) | ** |
| PR interval (milliseconds), n=123 | 131.0 (25.4) | 126.1 (24.9) | 122.7 (19.7) | ** |
| QRS interval (milliseconds), n=125 | 68.2 (17.3) | 65.7 (10.5) | 66.1 (11.4) | ** |
†Percentage based on 34 ART-naïve HIV-infected patients.
‡Kruskal-Wallis test.
§Percentage based on 35 ART-naïve HIV-infected patients.
¶Macrolides, trimethoprim, azole antifungals, antihistamine and protease inhibitors.
*Otherwise stated, data is presented as mean (SD). **See table 2 for statistical analysis.
ART, antiretroviral therapy; BP, blood pressure; EF, ejection fraction; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; hs-CRP, high-sensitive C reactive protein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LV, left ventricular.