Table 2

Possible complications of percutaneous LAA closure

	Short term	Long term
Cardiac perforation*	+	(+)
Pericardial effusion with tamponade†	+	(+)
Device embolisation	+	+
Device thrombosis	+	+
Stroke/TIA—thromboembolism, air embolism	+	+
Vascular complications—haematoma, bleeding, AV fistula formation	+	(+)

*Cardiac perforation: pericardial effusion resulting in surgical intervention/repair—due to transseptal puncture, or LAA closure device which can perforate the LAA±pulmonary artery (acute or after >7 days).73 ,74
†Pericardial effusion with tamponade: pericardial effusion resulting in percutaneous treatment/drainage or pericardial window.
LAA, left atrial appendage; TIA, transient ischemic attack; AV, arteriovenous.