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Abstract
Background Sacubitril/valsartan is an effective treatment for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) based on clinical trial data. However, little is known about its use or impact in real-world practice. The aim of this study was to describe our routine clinical experience of switching otherwise optimally treated patients with HFrEF to sacubitril/valsartan with respect to patient outcomes such as quality of life (QoL) and echocardiographic variables.
Methods and results From June 2017 to May 2019, 80 consecutive stable patients with HFrEF on established and maximally tolerated guideline-directed HF therapies were initiated on sacubitril/valsartan with bimonthly uptitration. Clinical assessment, biochemistry, echocardiography and QoL were compared pretreatment and post-treatment switching. We were able to successfully switch 89% of patients from renin–angiotensin axis inhibitors to sacubitril/valsartan (71 of 80 patients). After 3 months of switch therapy, we observed clinically significant and incremental improvements in blood pressure (systolic blood pressure 123 vs 112 mm Hg, p<0.001; diastolic blood pressure 72 vs 68 mm Hg, p=0.004), New York Heart Association functional classification score (2.3 vs 1.9, p<0.001), Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire score (46 vs 38, p=0.016), left ventricular ejection fraction (26% vs 33%, p<0.001) and left ventricular end systolic diameter (5.2 vs 4.9 cm, p=0.013) compared with baseline. There were no significant changes in renal function or serum potassium.
Conclusion This study provides real-world clinical practice data demonstrating incremental improvements in functional and echocardiographic outcomes in optimally treated patients with HFrEF switched to sacubitril/valsartan. The data provide evidence beyond that observed in clinical trial settings of the potential benefits of sacubitril/valsartan when used as part of a multidisciplinary heart failure programme.
- heart failure treatment
- systolic heart failure
- heart failure
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Key questions
What is already known about this subject?
The randomised, double-blind Prospective Comparison of Angiotensin–Neprilysin Inhibition with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity trial in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) established a 20% relative reduction of the primary endpoint (composite of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalisation) and a 16% relative risk reduction of all-cause mortality.
What does this study add?
This study provides real-world functional and echocardiographic data of the incremental benefit of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with stable HFrEF who were already on optimal medical therapy. We have demonstrated that switching patients from ACE inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker to sacubitril/valsartan is tolerable, safe and leads to significant improvement in left ventricular function and quality of life.
How might this impact on clinical practice?
Our data show a real-world incremental benefit and safety of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with HFrEF who were already on evidence-based optimal medical treatment. Sacubitril/valsartan should be part of routine clinical practice for patients with HFrEF.
Introduction
The clinical and economic burden of heart failure (HF) is significant; 5-year mortality is 45%–60%1; and with approximately half a million patients with HF in the UK,2 it is estimated that 1%–2% of the NHS budget is spent on HF, with 60%–70% related to the costs of hospitalisation.3 The early diagnosis and treatment of HF are essential to improving patients’ quality and quantity of life. Until recently, the mainstay of pharmacological treatment for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has included ACE inhibitors (ACE-i’s) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and beta blockers as first-line therapy, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) as second-line therapy.4 More recently, the European Medicine Agency, US Food and Drug Administration and UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence have approved sacubitril/valsartan, a combined neprilysin inhibitor (sacubitril) and an ARB (valsartan), which may be prescribed as an alternative to ACE-i’s or ARBs for the treatment of HFrEF.5–7 Following the approvals, there have been strong class I recommendation in both US and European Union HF clinical guidelines. Guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology recommend switching to sacubitril/valsartan in patients who remain symptomatic despite optimal treatment with an ACE-i/ARB, a beta-blocker or an MRA.8
These recommendations are based on compelling evidence from the Prospective Comparison of Angiotensin–Neprilysin Inhibition with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure (PARADIGM-HF) study, a randomised, double-blind and event-driven trial which compared sacubitril/valsartan with enalapril in 8442 patients with HFrEF.9 Sacubitril/valsartan demonstrated superiority with a 20% reduction in the primary endpoint, a composite of death from cardiovascular causes or hospitalisation for HF. Sacubitril/valsartan also had a lower rate (16% relative risk reduction) of all-cause mortality.
Real-world data are important to understand the generalisability and applicability of sacubitril/valsartan in real-world clinical practice and to help inform everyday patient treatment decisions for clinicians managing patients with HF. To date, there are limited real-world data for sacubitril/valsartan in HF. We previously assessed the eligibility of patients in a secondary care HF service for treatment with sacubitril/valsartan and found that that 31%–37% of patients with HFrEF were established on maximally tolerated guideline-directed ACE-i or ARB and may be suitable for treatment with sacubitril/valsartan.10 Initial clinical experience of sacubitril/valsartan in UK HF services have also shown a favourable safety and tolerability profile.11 12 The aim of this study was to describe our real-word experience of switching stable and optimally medicated patients with HFrEF to sacubitril/valsartan with respect to quality of life (QoL) and echocardiographic outcomes, in addition to safety and tolerability outcomes.
Methods
Study population
This is a retrospective cohort of 80 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of stable HFrEF (defined as symptoms and/or signs of HF, New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification of ≥II and a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≤35% measured by echocardiography) attending a nurse-led sacubitril/valsartan titration clinic within Cardiff and Vale University Health Board (University Hospital of Wales) from June 2017 to May 2019. Patients included were sequentially referred to this HF service via an open access referral system from secondary care physicians, general practitioners and cardiologists, including referrals from the tertiary HF service from our institution. We include the protocol of this nurse-led service in the online supplementary material.
Supplemental material
Patient medications had already been aggressively optimised as previously described13 and were deemed to be on optimal evidence-based medical therapy.8 Patients had been assessed as potentially suitable for treatment with sacubitril/valsartan10 and were regularly monitored and discussed at weekly multidisciplinary HF team meetings.
Treatment switching to sacubitril/valsartan
Following a 48-hour ACE-i washout period (due to the higher risk of angioedema if these drugs are combined), patients were initiated on sacubitril/valsartan at a dose according to the dose of ACE-i or ARB. Clinic visits to optimise treatment were scheduled bimonthly with slow uptitration of sacubitril/valsartan, with careful monitoring of side effects, heart rate, blood pressure and biochemistry. Titration continued until the patient either was taking the maximum recommended dose or reported side effects. Other evidence/guideline-based medications were continued where possible but, in some cases, were reduced to initiate sacubitril/valsartan.
Study outcomes
Baseline evaluation included clinical assessment, biochemistry, echocardiography and QoL score using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ).14 Three months after uptitration of sacubitril/valsartan to its maximally tolerated dose, patient outcomes were re-evaluated.
Statistical analysis
Categorical data are presented as numbers and percentages and continuous data as mean±SD.
Differences in baseline and postoptimisation patient outcomes were analysed using paired sample t-tests. All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS V.25.0.0.1, and p<0.05 was used to indicate statistical significance.
Patient and public involvement
There was no patient or public involvement in the generation of our research article. Patients or the public were not involved in the creation of the research question, study execution, interpretation or dissemination of these results.
Results
Baseline patient characteristics
Baseline characteristics of the 80 patients included in this study are presented in table 1. The mean age was 64±12 years and 73% of patients were male. With regard to NYHA functional classification, 74% of the patients were class II; 22% were class III; and 4% were class IV. At baseline, all patients were receiving either an ACE-i (74%) or ARB (24%); 95% were on a beta blocker; and 91% were taking an MRA.
Baseline patient characteristics
Treatment switching
Of the 80 patients included in this study, 7 could not tolerate sacubitril/valsartan (severe symptomatic hypotension: n=4, severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting: n=2 and palliative patient n=1) and 2 were lost to follow-up. Of the 71 patients titrated to a stable final dose of sacubitril/valsartan, 60 reached the maximum recommended dose of 97 mg/103 mgBD. However, as a consequence of hyperkalaemia, 5% of these patients had their MRA dose reduced, and a further 5% had their MRA discontinued in order to achieve the maximum dose of sacubitril/valsartan. Eleven patients did not reach the maximum dose of sacubitril/valsartan due to hypotension (n=9), neuromuscular disease (n=1) or patient preference (n=1). Five of these patients were on an intermediate final dose of 49 mg/51 mgBD, and six patients were on a low final dose of 24 mg/26 mgBD (figure 1).
Dose optimisation and side effects of treatment switching in the patients enrolled in our study. MRA
The mean time from initiation of sacubitril/valsartan to the final stable dose was 117±9 days.
Changes in patient outcomes following treatment switching to sacubitril/valsartan
Comparing pretreatment and post-treatment switching to sacubitril/valsartan, we found that there were statistically significant improvements in blood pressure (systolic blood pressure 123 vs 112 mm Hg, p<0.001; diastolic blood pressure 72 vs 68 mm Hg, p=0.004), NYHA score (2.3 vs 1.9, p<0.001) and MLHFQ score (46 vs 38, p=0.016) (table 2).
Changes (paired) in patient outcomes following treatment switching to sacubitril/valsartan
With regard to echocardiographic measures, there was a significant increase in LVEF (26 vs 33%, p<0.001) and significant decreases in left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD) (5.2 v 4.9 cm, p=0.013) and left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD) (6.0 vs 5.7 cm, p=0.042) postoptimisation with sacubitril/valsartan compared with baseline (table 2).
There were no significant changes in renal function (creatinine or estimated glomerular filtration rate) or serum potassium (allowing for changes in MRA dosing) following treatment switching to sacubitril/valsartan (table 2).
Discussion
Our real-world experience suggests that switching treatment to sacubitril/valsartan in otherwise stable patients with HFrEF established on optimal guideline-directed medical therapy results in significant improvements of cardiac structure and function, QoL, HF symptoms as assessed by the physician and functional capacity, with no significant change in renal function.
There are a limited number of studies on the real-world experience of switching to sacubitril/valsartan in patients with HFrEF. A single-centre, retrospective, cohort study of 48 patients with HFrEF who were treated with sacubitril/valsartan for a median duration of 3 months demonstrated improvements in EF and multiple measures of reverse remodelling, including reduced LVESD, LVEDD and left ventricular mass with sacubitril/valsartan.15 Another study examined data from medical and pharmacy claims and medical records of 200 patients with HFrEF and found symptom improvements (fatigue and shortness of breath) and a reduction in hospitalisations within 4 months of sacubitril/valsartan treatment.16 Our study, however, is the first to describe a range of both functional and echocardiography outcomes after switching to sacubitril/valsartan in a multidisciplinary nurse-led HF service. These real-world data provide mechanistic insights and support the overwhelming survival and HF hospitalisation benefits demonstrated in the PARADIGM study.17 18
Our data are in concordance with secondary analysis from the PARADIGM trial, describing significant improvements in the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) clinical and overall summary scores,17 similar to the effect size in health-related QoL levels with cardiac resynchronisation therapy observed in the MADIT-CRTstudy (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in HFrEF.19 Focusing on individual physical and social activities items in the KCCQ, a subsequent analysis provided further granularity of the effects of sacubitril/valsartan, with largest responses in household chores and sexual relationships.20
Sacubitril/valsartan is tolerated well, and studies have shown that even earlier initiation is still tolerable. The TITRATION study (Safety and Tolerability of Initiating LCZ696 in Heart Failure Patients), which was a randomised comparison of two uptitration regimens (a ‘condensed’ 3-week regimen or ‘conservative’ 6-week regimen), showed a similar tolerability profile between the two regimens and was in line with other HF treatments such as ACE-i/ARBs.21 The TRANSITION study (Comparison Pre- and Post-discharge Initiation of LCZ696 Therapy in HFrEF Patients After an Acute Decompensation Event)22 provided complementary data to the PIONEER-HF study (Comparison of Sacubitril–Valsartan versus Enalapril on Effect on NT-proBNP in Patients Stabilized from an Acute Heart Failure Episode),23 further suggesting that early initiation and uptitration of sacubitril/valsartan were generally successful even in high-risk but stabilised patients, following acute decompensated HF.
The most common symptomatic adverse event associated with sacubitril/valsartan in our study, as well as in PARADIGM-HF trial, was hypotension. In our study, 15% of patients who were successfully switched to sacubitril/valsartan received a lower than recommended dose, mainly due to hypotension. Furthermore, hypotension meant that some patients could not tolerate sacubitril/valsartan at all and hence failed the uptitration period.
Limitations
Limitations of this real-world study include the relatively small sample of sequential patients with short follow-up and the inherent bias of patients not referred into the HF clinic. Although our follow-up drop-out rate of 8.75% (seven patients) further diluted our dataset, we believe this is reflective of real-world practice and in keeping with the drop-out rate (9.4%) experienced in the PARADIGM clinical trial.9
The relatively young age group (mean age of 64 years) in our study and previous studies9 12 may preclude extrapolation to an older cohort. Older patients are more likely to have more advanced disease with a range of comorbidities, such as renal impairment or autonomic dysfunction. However, real-world studies such as ours aim to provide objective evidence and increase familiarity with sacubitril/valsartan to inform future use in this patient population. Furthermore, a lack of a comparator group may not allow a direct comparison of patients switching to sacubitril/valsartan to those who remain on an ACE-i or ARB. However, as all patients were already treatment optimised prior to switching to sacubitril/valsartan, each patient was effectively acting as his or her own control. Hence, any changes observed in patient outcomes are likely attributable to sacubitril/valsartan. Serial natriuretic peptide levels to guide optimisation of medical therapy in HF were not measured during the course of this study.24
Although optimal sacubitril/valsartan therapy may be limited in a small number of patients due to symptomatic hypotension, our real-world experience of treatment switching to sacubitril/valsartan in patients with HFrEF demonstrates significant improvements in patient outcomes for the majority of patients with HFrEF who are able to tolerate this treatment switching. These encouraging results require confirmation in larger prospective cohorts with longer follow-up.
Conclusion
Sacubitril/valsartan have already proven to be beneficial for patients with HFrEF in clinical trial data. The data from this study provide real-world evidence that corroborates the benefits of sacubitril/valsartan in real-life clinical practice and suggest that sacubitril/valsartan should be routinely considered by clinicians as part of optimal medical treatment for patients with HFrEF.
References
Footnotes
SG and NS are joint first authors.
Contributors Study design and conception: SG, NS, PS and ZY. Data acquisition: SG and NS. Manuscript drafting: SG, PS, AM and ZY. Data analysis and interpretation and critical revision of the manuscript: all authors.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests ZY has received lecture fees and research funding from Novartis.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Ethics approval The main aim of the study was to describe the real-world experience of switching patients from ACE inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blockers to angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI). Hence, formal ethical approval was not required for this non-randomised and observational study as it was conducted as part of a service evaluation project at Cardiff & Vale Health Trust. Guidance advocated by the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki was complied with throughout. The patient data were anonymised for data collection, outcome analysis and publication.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement Data are available upon reasonable request.