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Basic and translational research
Protocol
Worksite intervention study to prevent diabetes in Nepal: a randomised trial protocol
  1. Prajjwal Pyakurel1,
  2. Archana Shrestha2,
  3. Biraj M Karmacharya2,
  4. Shyam S Budhathoki3,
  5. Rajendra Kumar Chaudhari1,
  6. Dipesh Tamrakar2,
  7. Abha Shrestha2,
  8. Robin M Karmacharya2,
  9. Anmol Shrestha2,
  10. Sumitra Sharma4,
  11. Sanjib Kumar Sharma1 and
  12. Donna Spiegelman5
  1. 1B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
  2. 2Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
  3. 3Golden Community Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal
  4. 4Kathmadnu Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
  5. 5Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
  1. Correspondence to Dr Prajjwal Pyakurel; prazzwal{at}gmail.com

Abstract

Introduction In Nepal, approximately 31% of adult industrial employees have diabetes. While the prevention of type 2 diabetes through behavioural intervention has been disseminated, worksite could be an effective platform for the translation of this knowledge into action as employed adults spend most of their workday waking hours at workplaces.

Methods and analysis We will conduct a randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of a behavioural and a canteen intervention on diabetes risk reduction among those who are prediabetic at two worksites in eastern Nepal. We will recruit 162 adult full-time factory workers with haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 5.7%–6.4% at baseline or fasting blood sugar of 100–125 mg/dL. The 8–14 months’ control period will be followed by the behavioural intervention where half of the participants will be randomised to receive the behavioural intervention and half will act as a control and will not receive any intervention. Then, all participants will receive the canteen intervention. The analysis will be intent-to-treat, comparing the difference in the change in HbA1c% between the behavioural intervention group and the control group using a two-sample t-test. The within-participant changes in HbA1c after 6 or more months on the canteen intervention among those not randomised to the behavioural intervention in the previous period will be assessed using the paired t-test.

Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at Yale School of Public Health, New Havens, USA and the Nepal Health Research Council.

Trial registration number NCT04161937.

  • coronary artery disease
  • diabetic heart disease
  • public health
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This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2019-001236

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    Introduction

    Diabetes is the fifth leading cause of death in most high-income countries and there is substantial evidence that it is epidemic in many low-income and middle-income countries.1 The global (age standardised) prevalence of diabetes has nearly doubled since 1980, rising from 4.7% to 8.5% in adults.2 Complications from diabetes, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and peripheral vascular disease, stroke, diabetic neuropathy, peripheral arterial diseases, amputations, renal failure and blindness, results in disability, reduced life expectancy and enormous healthcare costs.3 In Nepal, there is a lack of reliable and representative data on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Various small studies from different parts of the country in different population groups have found prevalence rates ranging from 6.3% to 8.5%.4 The recently conducted STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS) survey for non-communicable disease risk factors found the prevalence of diabetes to be 5.8%.5 A pilot study among adult employees in an industrial setting found a diabetes prevalence of 4% and 31% for prediabetes.6 The prevention of type 2 diabetes through behavioural interventions has been established by several clinical trials.7 These studies had a strong focus on increased physical activity, dietary modifications and weight reduction among overweight participants. The US Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) trial demonstrated that structured behaviour interventions—such as training people with prediabetes to achieve modest weight loss through diet and physical activity—reduced 3-year diabetes incidence by 58%.8 Lifestyle interventions and beneficial changes in diet have been reported to be effective in improving blood glucose control.9 Additionally, lifestyle intervention has been found to reduce the development of comorbidities in patients with type 2 diabetes.10 Several studies have investigated the effect of diet-focused and other lifestyle-focused interventions in workplace settings. A systematic review and meta-analysis of health promotion at workplaces over the past 20 years found a positive impact on physical activity, diet, smoking, weight loss and health promotion.11 However, the translation of this knowledge to real-world settings has been a challenge. Worksites could be an effective platform for translating this knowledge into action because employed adults spend most of their workday waking hours at workplaces.12 Workplaces have additional advantages because of the convenience reaching people; social support; existing formal and informal communication networks; and possible corporate behaviour network.12 13 Studies have shown a positive impact of diabetes prevention at the worksite and other settings.14 15

    In 2013, we conducted a survey of cardiovascular disease risk factors among employees of a wire factory in eastern Nepal. The study showed that about a third of the employees were prediabetic and 4% had diabetes.6 We established an ongoing worksite screening and preventive cardiovascular disease care programme in this wire industry and a textile factory in January 2016. Furthermore, we conducted a qualitative study to understand willingness, facilitators and barriers for the promotion of healthier eating in the industry cafeterias.16 Building on this groundwork, we propose a pre–post trial to (1) measure the effectiveness of an individual-level behavioural education on diabetes risk reduction by comparing the change in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)% of participants 6 months after the beginning of the behavioural intervention with the change over 8–14 months of a preliminary control period and (2) to measure the effectiveness of an environmental-level cafeteria intervention on the risk of diabetes prevention by comparing participants’ change in HbA1c% after 6 months of canteen intervention with those not randomised to the behavioural intervention in the previous period.

    Impact of the research

    The prevalence of diabetes is increasing in low-income and middle-income countries. Diabetes was the leading cause of loss in DisabilityAdjusted Life Years (DALYs) and had a higher percentage change from 2007 to 2017 in Nepal for communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional diseases, non-communicable diseases and injuries. Hence, it is of utmost importance to prevent diabetes and its complications. Worksites could be an effective platform for the translation of this knowledge into action as employed adults spend most of their workday waking hours at workplaces. To our knowledge, this is one of the biggest multicentre trials for diabetes prevention in Nepal. Hence, the results of our study could be used by policy-makers to develop appropriate, context-specific guidelines for diabetes prevention in the country.

    Methods and analysis

    Study design

    We will conduct a two-phase trial. In the first phase, we will undertake a randomised controlled trial to measure the effectiveness of an individual-level behavioural intervention to reduce diabetes risk factors. The change in HbA1c, a marker of diabetes, will be compared for those randomised to behavioural intervention with those not randomised to behavioural intervention over the same time period. In the second step, we will conduct a pre–post intervention to measure the effectiveness of an environmental-level cafeteria intervention. The changes in HbA1c over canteen intervention will be compared with those not randomised to the behavioural intervention in the previous period (figure 1).

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Study design, worksite intervention study. HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c.

    Study setting

    The interventions will be conducted at two worksites: (a) Hulas Wire Industry and (b) Pragati Textile Industry, both located in the Sunsari-Morang industrial corridor of eastern Nepal. We selected these two sites because of their interest in research, the dedication of the management team to the canteen, the willingness of the management to commit workers’ time in research without impairing pay cut and for the provision of office space for the research team. They are also excellent settings because of (a) the high prevalence of prediabetes,6 (b) there has not been any intervention at the national or local level to address the burden of prediabetes and diabetes in such settings; and (c) opportunity to engage low socioeconomic status participants who work in these settings.

    Inclusion criteria

    Full-time employees of the Hulas Wire and Pragati Textile companies aged 18 years or above with HbA1c of 5.7%–6.4% at baseline and/or fasting blood sugar (FBS) of 100–125 mg/dL will be enrolled in the study.

    Exclusion criteria

    Pregnant women, hypertensive and diabetic patients on medication will be excluded from the study.

    Sample size and power

    The study sample includes all the permanent industrial workers in the Hulas Wire and Pragati Textile industry of eastern Nepal. There are 765 permanent workers at these worksites. We expect 500 of them will participate in the screening (table 1) . Based on our previous survey in the same industry,6 we expect 153 (30.5%) to be prediabetic (HbA1c between 5.7% and 6.4%) and be invited in the study. The SD of the difference in HbA1c% after a 6-month intervention in another worksite setting was 1.75% with a mean of −0.87%.15 Assuming no change in the comparison group, a similar SD and sample size of 153 participants, using a two-sample t-test for the difference between two within-group changes, the minimum detectable differences at 80% power and 5% level of significance are expected to be −0.91% for behaviour intervention and −0.72% for cafeteria intervention.

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Data collection schedule for the worksite intervention study to prevent diabetes in Nepal

    Screening

    We will screen all consenting employees at these workplaces.

    Baseline assessment

    At baseline, research assistants (RAs) will administer a standardised questionnaire to record the age, sex, education, income, marital status, family history of CVD, smoking, drinking and physical activity of the participants using Open Data Kit software.17 We will use the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire,18 to measure physical activity. The metabolic equivalent of task (MET) minutes per week will be calculated from the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire.

    24-hour dietary recall

    We will assess the dietary intake of the participants with 24-hour dietary recalls. We will conduct two structured interviews to record detailed information about foods and beverages consumed by the participants in the past 24 hours. Each questionnaire will take approximately half an hour to complete. We will record the participants’ ID, date and day of interview along with activities conducted from wake up to the sleep time before inquiring about food consumption in the last 24 hours. We will record the time, place, food items, brand name/cooking methods, quantity and additional remarks during 24-hour dietary recall interviews. We will use a visual aid developed for the local context in the form of a show card to ascertain the exact consumption of food and beverages by the participants.19

    Anthropometric measurements

    Weight

    Weight will be measured using a portable crown digital scale and recorded nearest as 0.1 kg. The scale will be placed on a flat surface and the participants will be asked to step on the scale barefoot with minimal clothing, without holding anything. The scale will be validated on a daily basis with known weights.20

    Standing height

    Height will be measured in centimetres. Standing height will be measured with the participants standing upright. Heels will be slightly separated touching the wall and the weight borne evenly on both feet. Heels, buttocks and scapulae will be brought in contact with a wall. The head will be positioned so that the participants will look straight ahead with a line of sight and chin parallel to the floor. The ruler will be kept firmly over the head to compress the hair. The height will then be recorded.21

    Waist circumference

    Waist circumference will be measured by placing the measuring tension tape midpoint between the lower margin of the last palpable rib and the top of the iliac crest. The participants will be asked to stand with their arms at the sides, feet positioned closed together and weight evenly distributed across the feet.22

    Hip circumference

    Hip circumference will be measured at the maximum circumference over the buttocks. The subject will be asked to stand with their arms at sides, feet positioned closely together and their weight evenly distributed across the feet. Hip circumference will be then measured at the end of a normal expiration.22

    Laboratory measurement

    Blood samples will be collected and analysed for HbA1c, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol at the clinical laboratory of a nearby tertiary care hospital, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal, where good clinical laboratory practices have been established. This laboratory is participating in an external quality assurance scheme of Christian Medical College, Vellore, India for the last 10 years. It is accredited by the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories, India. All of the laboratory procedures will be conducted in the Biochemistry Department of B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal. Blood samples for fasting glucose will be collected in 3 mL sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate vials. Blood samples for assessment of HbA1c and lipid profile will be collected in 3 mL EDTA and plain vials, respectively. The site principal investigator will ask the participants to fast for 8–10 hours 1 day before blood sample collection. The RAs will meet participants in person and will inform them of the date, time and location for blood sample collection. Those who miss the initial appointment will be reminded three times before withdrawing from the study.

    To collect the blood specimens, the participants will be asked to sit comfortably in a chair and their arms hyperextended. A tourniquet will be placed just above the puncture site to expose the vein. An alcohol swap will be conducted in a circular manner beginning at the site and working outward. The needle will be inserted in a vein at a 15–30 degree angle with the surface of the arm. Blood samples will be collected using the appropriate blood collection tubes.

    HbA1c will be measured using the turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay in haemolysed whole-blood fasting glucose by the hexokinase method,23 total cholesterol will be measured by cholesterol oxidase and peroxidase method,24 triglycerides by the glycerol-3 phosphate oxidase peroxidase method,25 LDL by the homogeneous enzymatic colorimetric method,26 and HDL by the homogeneous enzymatic colorimetric method.27 All the parameters will be measured in a Cobas c311, Roche/Hitachi autoanalyser.

    Control period

    The waiting period will be of 8–14 months before implementing any intervention. No contact will be made with the participants during the control period. The minimum time for the control period was 6 months to allow for sufficient time to detect a change in HbA1c. However, for practical reasons involved with rolling out the screening and recruitment at two study sites, we needed to extend the control period to 8–14 months.

    Randomisation

    Participants will be randomised into two groups. Half of the participants will receive behavioural intervention and half serve as a control and will not receive the behavioural intervention. Each participant will be assigned a numeric code. The codes will be given a random number using the STATA command runiform(), with set seed. The participants receiving a random number less than the median value of all the numbers will receive the behavioural intervention. However, no randomisation was done stratified by sex as there were no female workers at these sites.

    Behavioural intervention

    The behavioural intervention will consist of a combination of the intensive education session, group counselling, goal setting and monitoring based on the DPP.28 The curriculum includes 24 sessions: 16 core sessions weekly during the first 4 months of the programme followed by monthly maintenance sessions. Each class will last 1 hour and will include: (a) 25 min of scripted lectures on health topics by a health educator; (b) 25 min of group-based activities, for example, role-playing exercises and group discussions; and (c) 10 min of physical activity training. Topics to be covered include the importance of maintaining a healthy weight for diabetes prevention and maintaining healthy blood glucose levels, eating a healthy diet, increasing physical activity, overcoming barriers and building social support. At the start of each session, participants will be weighed in a private room to chart their progress. Participants will be given two study goals to achieve during the lifestyle classes, as following: DPP: increase physical activity to at least 150 min per week of moderate-level activity and lose at least 7% of their baseline body weight through changes in diet and activity. In the community, there are open spaces for walking, running and playing games such as football and volley. For those who can afford, there are gymnasiums and swimming pools to the locality. The behaviour intervention will be conducted during work hours without any cut in pay. Although there might be some social interactions between the intervention and non-intervention groups, we believe that the core elements of the behaviour intervention (intensive education session, group counselling, goal setting and monitoring, and 20 min of physical exercise) will not be contaminated as these are tailored programme and cannot be shared with mere interaction. Additionally, it involves 20 min of physical activity which the participants in the non-intervention group cannot inculcate easily.

    Canteen intervention

    The canteen intervention will be developed after discussion with canteen operators at the different canteens in the industries and will consist of promoting healthy foods in the canteen by (1) improving the physical facility through enlarging the dining space, increasing the dining space, improving cleanliness and remodelling the kitchen area for the addition of fruit corner; (2) increasing access to healthy foods by adding a salad and fruit corner, whole grains products, low-fat dairy and reducing the sugar, salt, trans-fat and junk food reduction; (3) providing information, education and communication; healthy food options will be displayed in the form of posters and/or paintings mounted in the canteen walls; (4) changing food price: increases in the price of unhealthy foods; decreases in the price of healthy food; (5) training of cafeteria staffs on hygiene, healthy foods options and healthy cooking methods; (6) replacing white rice with brown rice (table 2).

    View this table:
    Table 2

    Canteen intervention in the industrial sector of eastern Nepal

    Follow up

    Blood samples will be collected and analysed for HbA1c, fasting glucose and lipid profile (HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides). We will readminister the questionnaires to assess physical activity and usual diet. Additionally, we will measure height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure. The first follow-up will be conducted after 6 months of the first baseline survey, the second follow-up after 6 months of the start of behavioural intervention and the third follow-up after 6 months after the start of canteen intervention.

    Primary and secondary outcomes

    The primary outcome is the absolute change in HbA1c % and fasting blood glucose. The secondary outcome will be an absolute change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and in lipids (HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides).

    Data analysis

    To assess the impact of the behavioural intervention on HbA1c% and FBS, the primary analysis will be an intent-to-treat comparison of the difference in the changes in HbA1c % and FBS between the behavioural intervention group and control group, using a two-sample t-test. To assess the effectiveness of the canteen intervention on changes in HbA1c and FBS over the canteen intervention period, a paired t-test will be used among those not randomised to the behavioural intervention in the previous period. Further analyses will adjust for confounding by and assess effect modification by these variables. All the analysis will be conducted using STATA version 13. In secondary analyses, the same approach will be repeated for lipids, blood pressure, physical activity and diet. Causal mediation analysis will be conducted to quantify the extent to which any changes in health outcomes observed were mediated by changes in physical activity, diet and weight loss.

    Ethics and dissemination

    Ethical clearance has been obtained from the Institutional Review Board at the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA and the Ethical Review Committee of the Nepal Health Research Council. Written informed consent will be obtained from the participants before data collection. Data safety and monitoring board will evaluate the safety, study conduct, scientific validity and integrity of the trial. The results of this study will be disseminated by presenting at various national and international academic forums and publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals.

    Characteristics of the study population

    The mean age±SD of the participants were 40.4±9.7 years. All were male individuals. The most common ethnicity was Terai Janjati (53.7%). Only 13.6% of the participants had a high school education. Current smokers comprised 12.3% of the study participants, whereas 66% consumed >3 drinks/week. 42% of the participants had high MET minutes/week and 5.6% were obese. Hypertension was seen in 29.6% of the participants. High cholesterol, very high LDL and very high triglycerides were found in 14.6%, 2.2% and 5.1% of the participants, respectively. Low HDL was found in 38.7% of the participants. The overall assessment of the baseline characteristics of participants showed increased risk factors for diabetes (tables 3–5).

    View this table:
    Table 3

    Demographic characteristics of enrolled participants (n=162)

    View this table:
    Table 4

    CVD risk factors of enrolled participants at baseline (n=162)

    View this table:
    Table 5

    CVD biomarkers of enrolled participants at baseline (n=162)

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    Footnotes

    • Twitter @sanjibks1969

    • Contributors PP, ArS, SKS, BMK and DS contributed substantially to the conception and design of this project. PP, SSB and DT contributed to refining the data collection tools. RKC contributed to the design of the laboratory procedures. AbS, PP and ArS contributed to the formative study. DS, ArS contributed to designing the statistical framework. RMK, AnS and SS refined the manuscript in the initial stage. All authors contributed to final refining and approval of the manuscript.

    • Funding This study was funded by NIH Director’s Pioneer Award (award no: 5DP1ES02545903) and the Bernard Lown Scholar in Cardiovascular Health Program (award no: BLSCHP-1603).

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Patient consent for publication Obtained.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Data availability statement Data are available upon reasonable request. Data will be available on reasonable request.