• ALLIED SPECIALITIES

Diagnostic and prognostic testing in coronary artery disease (CAD) is a rapidly expanding field and now includes a range of functional tests, imaging modalities and combinations of the two (stress imaging). For patients suspected of having occlusive CAD, current European Society of Cardiology and National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidance1 ,2 recommends an approach where the probability of obstructive disease and the risk of future events are estimated to determine the next steps. Those at low-risk on the basis of history, examination and basic investigations do not need further assessment, while those at high-risk can proceed directly to treatment, including invasive angiography, if needed. However, for intermediate risk patients, there are a number of options.

Ideally, investigations for this population should be non-invasive, acceptable and applicable to a wide patient population and affordable for the health service. It should perform well enough to exclude the diagnosis while stratifying the risk of future events in those with occlusive CAD, so providing a guide to future medical or interventional management. None of the currently available options tick every box and a tailored approach is needed for each patient. CT coronary angiography performs well but exposes the patient to ionising radiation and nephrotoxic contrast agents. Stress imaging can be carried out using echocardiography, MRI, positron emission topography or single photon emission CT (SPECT), and can utilise either physiological exercise or pharmacological agents as the stressor. However, often, these tests are expensive, time-consuming, and require highly qualified staff to perform and interpret. Exercise ECG testing is widely available, non-invasive and relatively simple to perform, but can be difficult or impossible to read in those with resting ECG abnormalities. In addition, those who are unable to perform exercise on a bike or treadmill are currently excluded from this test.

Xie et al3 recognised that a large proportion of patients referred for stress testing were unable to perform the required exercise for the test due to common comorbidities such as peripheral vascular disease and arthritis. In a previous paper4 they demonstrated that, in this population, measures derived from arm exercise ECG stress testing (figure 1) were a feasible alternative to physiological and pharmacological stress imaging with SPECT. In the current paper, published in Open Heart, they used the same retrospective cohort to produce a risk stratification score analogous to that commonly used for treadmill stress testing. The equations produced, incorporating arm exercise capacity, 1 min heart rate recovery and ST segment depression ≥1 mm, perform well in predicting future cardiovascular events, cardiovascular mortality and total mortality, especially once adjusted to account for common adverse clinical characteristics.

• Download figure
• Open in new tab
• Download powerpoint

Figure 1

A patient performing arm exercise stress testing.

Some limitations of the study should be acknowledged. The cohort examined had a markedly high mortality rate (27.1% at 5 years and 57.8% at 12 years) reflecting a very high-risk for adverse events. Current approaches tend to use stress ECG tests in patients with lower pretest probability of occlusive CAD, meaning that the performance of the test may not be as good in the population it is to be applied in. Against this, the higher mortality likely reflects the additional burden of comorbidity in this patient group and this would still be the case in clinical practice.

Another consideration is where to place arm exercise stress testing among the plethora of diagnostic options available, especially as existing guidance favours a stress-imaging approach even in low-intermediate probability patients. Despite this, there are some situations where the stress ECG option proves useful. Cardiologists are considering treatment options for an increasing number of patients with multiple comorbidities,5–7 including those that limit mobility. Stress ECG testing is a viable option to confirm diagnosis in such patients who would not be suitable for or would not want invasive management of CAD, so reducing the need for functional imaging. Those who have diagnosis confirmed derive substantial symptomatic and prognostic benefit from medical therapy while those who have occlusive CAD excluded are spared the side effects and risks of polypharmacy. It is also important to remember that, even if management stays the same, diagnostic and prognostic information can still be useful for patients and their relatives.

Finally, the current study is retrospective and the scores created need refinement and validation using randomised, prospective data. Ideally, this work should also incorporate measures to consider patient acceptability of the test and health economic evaluation.