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Abstract
Objective Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has been established as an alternative therapy for patients with severe aortic stenosis who are unfit for the surgical aortic valve replacements. Pre and periprocedural imaging for the TAVR procedure is the key to procedural success. Currently transesophageal echocardiography (TOE), including real-time three-dimensional (RT-3D) imaging TOE, has been used for peri-interventional monitoring and guidance for TAVR. We describe our initial experience with real-time three-dimensional intracardiac echocardiography (RT-3DICE), imaging technology for the use in the TAVR procedure.
Methods We used RT-3DICE using an ACUSON SC2000 2.0v (Siemens Medical Solution), and a 10F AcuNav V catheter (Siemens-Acuson, Inc, Mountain View, California, USA) in addition to preoperative multislice CT (MSCT) in total of five patients undergoing TAVR procedure.
Results Aortic annulus and sinus of valsalva diameters were measured using RT-3DICE. Aortic valve measurements obtained using RT-3DICE are comparable to those obtained using MSCT with no significant difference in our patients.
Conclusions This small study of five patients shows the safe use of RT-3DICE in TAVR Procedure and may help the procedures performed under local anaesthesia without the need for TOE.
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Key questions
What is already known about this subject?
Pre and periprocedural imaging is essential for accurate valve sizing, deployment and to assess for procedural complications during transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Two-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiogram (TOE) tends to underestimate the aortic valve annulus diameter and can have significant impact on the selection of the prosthetic valve size to implant. Moreover use of TOE requires use of general anaesthesia.
What does this study add?
We describe the use of real-time three-dimensional intracardiac echocardiography (RT-3D ICE), AcuNav catheters for accurate aortic root dimensions in patients undergoing TAVR and compare sizing using this technique against that obtained using multislice CT. This is the first such reported study to the best of our knowledge.
How might this impact on clinical practice?
This study shows that RT-3DICE is a safe and effective technique in assessing valve size and reduces the need for TOE in this era of TAVR, where more procedures are performed under local anaesthesia.
Introduction
Transcatheter valve therapies are being increasingly used in the treatment of valvular heart disease. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has been adopted as an alternative method of treatment for patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) who are deemed unfit for open valve surgery. Pre and periprocedural imaging is pivotal for accurate valve sizing, deployment and assessing for postprocedural aortic and paravalvular regurgitations and other complications. The valve sizing is one of the most important factors for this procedure to be successful; therefore accurate measurements of the aortic root are needed preprocedure. A variety of imaging techniques,1 including multislice CT (MSCT) has been described as the gold standard to assess aortic root and annulus dimensions preprocedure, two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography, three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography and the use of transesophageal echocardiography (TOE) during the procedure for deployment of the valve. Previous studies1 have demonstrated that 2D TOE tends to underestimate the aortic valve annulus diameter, with a modest correlation between the 2D measurements and the MSCT. Underestimation of the diameters are most likely due to the fact that measurements performed in 2D were at a tangent cut across the aortic root. In fact the aortic root is not completely circular at any point, and the shape of the aortic annulus is more elliptical with a maximum and minimum diameters. Routine 2D measurements of the aortic root or annulus by any of these techniques will depend on the plane and angulation, which will have a significant impact on the selection of the prosthetic valve size to implant. We describe the use of real-time three-dimensional intracardiac echocardiography (RT-3D ICE), AcuNav V catheters for accurate aortic root dimensions in patients undergoing TAVR and compare sizing using this technique against that obtained using MSCT. ICE has been used with added advantage in guiding device closure of interatrial shunts and electrophysiological ablation procedures.2
Case reports
Five patients (3 females) with severe AS underwent TAVR procedure using RT-3DICE using an ACUSON SC2000 2.0v (Siemens Medical Solution), and a 10F AcuNav V catheter (Siemens-Acuson, Inc, Mountain View, California, USA) in addition to preoperative MSCT. Aortic valve measurements obtained using RT-3DICE are MSCT and shown in table 1. Real-time monitoring (figure 1 and see online supplementary video file 1) was performed with an Acunav V (volume mode using a 90 cm, 10-F phased-array) catheter capable of articulating 160° in four directions. A 3D imaging volume size of 22°×90° was acquired at 6–8 MHz frequency. The ICE catheter was inserted via a 12F right femoral vein sheath and placed at the roof of the right atrium anterior to the aortic valve (figures 1 and 2). Three Edwards Sapien XT valves (size 26 mm) were implanted and two Edwards Sapien S3 valves (size 26 mm). There was no procedural or 30 day mortality and no procedure-related complications. All patients had concomitant TOE except one who had a large hiatus hernia primarily to assess the presence and severity of aortic or paravalvular regurgitation. Four of the five patients underwent TAVR implantation via the transfemoral route and one patient via the transaortic route. Aortic annulus and sinus of valsalva diameters were measured using RT-3DICE. An independent radiologist blinded to RT-3DICE and TOE measurements performed the MSCT measurements. Post-TAVR, one patient had mild paravalvular aortic regurgitation and quantification was similar on TOE and RT-3DICE.
3D-ICE results, linear and planimetry measurements were obtain in PLAX and SAX (equivalent to 130–150 TOE views)
The image shows intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) probe in a TAVI procedure. TAVI, transcatheter aortic valve implantation.
Pre-TAVI procedure annular area. 3D-ICE annulus area by planimetry versus MSCT annulus area. TAVI, transcatheter aortic valve implantation; MSCT, multislice CT; 3D-ICE, three-dimensional intracardiac echocardiography.
Discussion
TAVR is increasingly used as the procedure of choice for patients who are considered as high risk for surgical aortic valve replacement, however more recent studies are also looking at patients, who are at intermediate risk for aortic valve surgery towards being treated with a transcatheter aortic valve implantation procedure.2 TAVR is a complex procedure requiring appropriate patient selection and valve choice. The Experience with RT-3DICE is currently limited3 and has been described in the closure of septal defects. As the trend for early discharge following TAVR deployment is increasing more procedures are being performed under local anaesthesia (LA).4 For patients undergoing procedure under LA, TOE imaging is uncomfortable and not desirable. RT-3DICE would certainly play an important role in these patients, since only transvenous access is required and would not exclude patients with severe peripheral vascular disease who undergo TAVR using alternate access. This is the first reported study of use of RT-3DICE in TAVR. Our study shows this is feasible and safe. Aortic valve measurements obtained using RT-3DICE are comparable to those obtained via MSCT in our five patients. Newer RT-3DICE catheters with a larger imaging volume size are likely to produce even better images and data for valve area measurements.
Limitations
This is a small study in five patients. A larger study is required to confirm this data. There is also likely to be an operator learning curve for the use of the RT-3DICE catheter. The incremental value of RD-3DICE may be limited for sizing as it is usually established before the procedure however in patients in whom such imaging is not definitive or possible, RT-3DICE offers a further option for sizing.
Conclusion
This study shows that RT-3DICE is a safe and effective technique in assessing valve size and looking at aortic valve and paravalvar leak in patients undergoing TAVR procedures.
Footnotes
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement No additional data are available.