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Abstract
Objective As the population ages, the incidence of heart valve disease (HVD) is increasing. The aim of treatment is to improve prognosis and quality of life. Standard surgical treatment is being superseded by new catheter-based treatments, many of which are as yet unproven. The need for appropriate instruments to measure quality of life in patients receiving treatment for HVD has therefore never been greater.
Methods In this prospective observational study, a generic instrument, Euroqol, and a disease-specific one (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire—MLHFQ) were, for the first time, formally tested before and after surgery in 84 patients with HVD who completed their treatment. Patients were interviewed on the night before surgery and 6–12 weeks after being discharged. Instruments were tested for validity, reliability, responsiveness, sensitivity and interpretability.
Results Both Euroqol and MLHFQ registered significant improvements in patients' health. Tests for validity were significantly positive for both Euroqol and MLHFQ. Tests for reliability and responsiveness were very positive for MLHFQ, less so for EQ-5D. There was a moderate ceiling effect in the postoperative Index scores of Euroqol and a moderate floor effect in MLHFQ.
Conclusions Both instruments together performed very well in assessing the health of patients undergoing surgical treatment of HVD. As the incidence of HVD increases and therapeutic options increase, measurement of PROMS using these two instruments should become a matter of routine.
- CARDIAC SURGERY
- QUALITY OF CARE AND OUTCOMES
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Key questions
What is already known about this subject?
The incidence of heart valve disease is increasing as the population ages.
The need for percutaneous treatments of heart valve disease is likely to increase dramatically.
There are insufficient published data on quality of life assessment of the effect of heart valve disease and their treatments.
There are no published data on the formal assessment of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMS) instruments in this population of patients.
What does this study add?
Euroqol and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) perform very well as instruments for assessing quality of life in patients with heart valve disease undergoing surgery.
How might this impact on clinical practice?
Commissioners paying for any treatment of patients with heart valve disease should insist that PROMS (specifically Euroqol and MLHFQ) should be measured routinely.
PROMs measurement with Euroqol and MLHFQ should be part of any publication looking at the effectiveness of treatments of patients with heart failure.
Introduction
Background
With an ageing population, the incidence of significant heart valve disease is increasing rapidly. The mainstay of treatment for these patients is open heart surgery—specifically heart valve replacement or repair. Although effective, open heart surgery is associated with significant morbidity, which may limit its usefulness in the elderly patient.1–3
In recent years, a number of percutaneous catheter-based treatments have become available. As patients get older and associated morbidities increase, demand for these new costly treatments will also undoubtedly increase. The efficacy of many of these treatments, however, remains unproven.4
The main objectives of any treatment of heart valve disease are to improve quality of life and survival. As the population ages and therapeutic options increase, the need for valid Quality of Life Questionnaires to assess and compare treatments of heart valve disease has never been greater.1–3
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs or PROs in the USA) are instruments used to measure quality of life. They are used to measure the impact illness has on patients' lives as well as the effect and efficacy of treatments.5 ,6
PROMs can be generic—assessing key aspects of the effect of general health—or disease-specific, assessing health-related quality of life in relation to a specific disease.5 ,7–12 Although PROMS in patients with heart valve disease have been measured as part of either a study of patients with heart failure14 or of patients undergoing heart surgery in general, the performance of PROMS instruments has never been formally evaluated in this particular population of patients.
Objectives
In this prospective observational clinical study, we have formally tested two PROMS instruments in patients undergoing surgery for specifically heart valve disease. The first is generic, EuroQol (EQ-5D), and the other disease-specific, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ).3 ,7 ,13–17
Methods
PROMS instruments are formally evaluated for their usefulness within an intended population by measurement of their validity, reliability, responsiveness, sensitivity and interpretability.9 ,18–20
Validity is the ability of the questionnaire to accurately measure the intended outcome, that is, those who score poorly are indeed in poor health. Three different aspects of validity are measured: content, construct and criterion.
Content validity refers to appropriateness and acceptability of the questions.
Construct validity measures the ability of different domains of the questionnaire to differentiate between different levels of (ill) health and whether those in poorer health are scoring themselves appropriately.
Criterion validity assesses whether the PROMS results correlate with previously accepted measures (concurrent) and how well PROMS scores can predict outcome after treatment (predictive).9 ,18–21
Reliability: of a PROMS instrument measures the consistency of the results if the questionnaire is repeated in the same population. This can be measured by test–retest, that is, applying the test repeatedly in the same population whose health has not altered. If test–retest is not possible, internal consistency is assessed. This measures correlation between items that measures similar quality of life domains. A Cronbach’s α (measure of internal consistency) of 0.7–0.9 is evidence of strong internal consistency and therefore reliability.9 ,18–20
Responsiveness: of a PROMS instrument assesses whether the instrument can detect changes over time that matter to patients. It is measured using the Cohen effect size. A Cohen effect size of 0.8 or more is considered large.9 ,18–20 ,22
Interpretability: of an instrument is an assessment of whether the measured change is clinically significant and is specific to the condition and intervention being investigated. It is evaluated using the minimum clinically important difference (MCID). This is the smallest change in score associated with a significant improvement in their health.19 ,23 ,24
Study design
Prospective observational clinical study
Study participants and setting
Adults aged 18 years or older, who were scheduled to undergo heart valve surgery for a diagnosis of significant heart valves disease (stenosis, regurgitation or both) at the South Yorkshire Cardiothoracic Centre in Sheffield, England, were eligible for the study.
Patients underwent heart valve surgery between October 2012 and February 2013. Inclusion criteria were proficiency in English, sufficient cognitive capacity and availability for telephone follow-up.
The Department of Clinical Effectiveness at Sheffield Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust gave approval for this service review. Patients were given an information leaflet several days before surgery and consented for the study just prior to the preop questionnaire.
Data source
Patients completed the preoperative questionnaire face to face with the investigator on the night before surgery. Six to 12 weeks after surgery, they completed the postoperative questionnaire by telephone or by post if this was not possible.5 ,6 ,21 ,25 Demographic data as well as basic information on the patients' diagnosis and treatment were collected from the cardiac surgery database.
Study size
A formal power calculation was not performed. The number of patients included in the study was determined by time available (9 months) to the research student (C H)
Variables—the HQoL instruments
Generic
EQ-5D (EuroQol) is the most common generic HQoL instrument used in Europe. It provides a single index score of a patient’'s health status. It has two components. In the first, the patient has to score 1 (the best) to 3 (the worst) in five domains—usual activity, mobility, anxiety or depression, pain and discomfort, and self-care. The score thus provides a five digit code of health status example 12321. The code is used to create an index score using a weighted system derived from a table of figures generated from a UK population sample (figure 1).
Change in PROMS score with surgery. PROMS, Patient-Reported Outcome Measures; MLHFQ, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; VAS, visual analogue score.
The second component of Euroqol is a visual analogue scale (VAS) of the patient overall health status ranging from 0 to 100, with 0 being the worst health state imaginable and 100 being the best.7 ,12–14 ,26
Disease-specific
The Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire (MLHFQ) is a 21 item questionnaire which measures three aspects of the health-related quality of life—physical, emotional and socioeconomic table 1. Patients are asked to score the effect of their illness on a particular aspect of their lives over the past month, on a scale of 0–5. 0 represents no effect, whereas 5 represents a large effect. The lower the score, the better the patient’'s health. A score of less than 24 signifies good health, 24–45 moderate health and 45–105 (maximum) poor health. One of the items of the MLHFQ relating to medical costs was not used. The healthcare system in the UK is universally available, funded through general taxation and free at the point of care.
List of questions in the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire
The total potential score for the study was therefore 100.
A change in the score of five or more (with treatment) is regarded as significant.
Educational licenses to use both instruments in this academic study (Bachelor of Medical Science Thesis) were obtained from the Euroqol Foundation and the University of Minnesota.3 ,14 ,15 ,17 ,26 ,27
NYHA status (New York Heart Association Class of Cardiac-related Dyspnoea)
This was assessed at the same two time points. Class ranged from I (no symptoms) to IV (severe limitation with symptoms at rest).
Statistical methods
Change in QoL
Pre and postoperative scores were compared using Paired t test.22
Instrument effectiveness
Content validity was assessed qualitatively by assessing whether PROMs are credible, sensible and comprehensive.
Construct validity—analysis of variance of the PROMS scores of different groups ranked by their NYHA status (New York Heart Association Class of Cardiac-related Dyspnoea)—Kruskall-Wallis.
Concurrent validity—calculation of correlation between all PROMS scores (pre and postop) and respective NHYA scores for both instruments—Spearman rank correlation coefficient.
Predictive criterion—calculation of correlation between preoperative PROM scores and difference in scores achieved after surgery for both instruments—Spearman rank correlation coefficient.
Reliability—calculation of correlation of individual items within a domain; items scoring the same HRQoL domains are expected to be highly correlated—Cronbach's α
Responsiveness—the mean change in score after treatment divided by the SD of the baseline scores—Cohen effect size
Sensitivity—estimation of floor and ceiling effects—percentage scoring at the highest and lowest possible scores.
Interpretability—measurement of MCID—the difference between postoperative scores of patients who felt ‘much better’ and those who felt ‘no different’21 ,22 ,24
Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS package.
Results
Participants
Of the 98 eligible patients, 92 were recruited and of these 84 completed the study.
Descriptive data
Patient and procedure characteristics are outlined in table 2.
Patient and procedure characteristics
Main results
Change in QoL score
EQ5L
Index score pre 0.78 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.83)
Index score post 0.88 (0.84 to 0.92)
p<0.001
VAS score pre 63.9 (59.5 to 68.3)
VAS score post 76.7 (72.6 to 80.7)
p<0.001
MLHFQ
Pre score 32.11 (27.4 to 36.78)
Post Score 11.6 (7.79 to 15.4)
p<0.001
Instrument effectiveness
EQ5D
Validity:
Construct, see table 3
Concurrent criterion—Spearman rank correlation coefficient for index scores—0.26 (p=0.017), for VAS scores—0.33 (p=0.001)
Predictive criterion—Spearman rank coefficient for index score 0.74 (p<0.001) and for VAS scores—0.33 (p=0.001)
Reliability—Cronbach's α 0.68 (≥0.7)
Responsiveness—Cohen effect size for index scores—0.46, for VAS scores 0.64.
Sensitivity—no floor effects pre (1.2% index and VAS scores) or postoperative (1.2% index and VAS scores) Mild ceiling effect in preop index scores (39.3%) and moderate ceiling effect in the postoperative index score (63.1%)
Interpretability—MCID for index scores 0.125 (95% CI 0.0056 to 0.2412) p=0.001
Results of construct validity of Euroqol and MLHFQ using NHYA status as a comparator
MLHFQ
Validity:
Construct, see table 3
Concurrent criterion—Spearman rank correlation coefficient—0.54 (p<0.001)
Predictive criterion—Spearman rank correlation coefficient—0.54 (p<0.001)
Reliability—Cronbach's α 0.914
Responsiveness—Cohen's effect size 0.95.
Sensitivity—Percentage scoring 0 for the 20 questions—3.6%-85.7%. Percentage scoring 5–3.6%—28%, suggesting a floor effect
Discussion
Measurement of PROMS or the formal assessment of the effect of disease and its treatment on a patient's quality of life is becoming increasingly important in modern healthcare. They are used as an assessment of efficacy of treatments as well as an outcome measure to assess performance of institutions who deliver the treatment.5 ,6
Formal assessment of PROMS in patients undergoing major joint replacement, varicose vein surgery and hernia repair is now routine for all patients being treated for these conditions in the UK National Health Service.5 ,6 A pilot study has examined the use of PROMS undergoing percutaneous and surgical revascularisation of significant coronary artery disease.28
Owing to an ageing population, the incidence of significant heart valve disease is increasing. Ten per cent of all humans aged 80 or older will have significant aortic stenosis, the most common valve dysfunction in the developed world.29 Asymptomatic patients can live a long time with significant heart valve dysfunction. Once symptoms set in, however, patients quickly become disabled with symptoms of breathlessness, chest pain and fluid retention, and their prognosis rapidly worsens if the valve disease is left untreated.30
Until fairly recently, the mainstay of treatment has been open heart surgery. Although effective, and despite the recent increase in ‘minimally-invasive’ techniques, surgery remains a treatment associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This becomes more prominent in older patients. In addition, many patients do not seem to get the presumed benefit from undergoing major heart surgery.29 ,30
Over the past 5 years, there has been a rapid increase in the uptake of non-surgical catheter-based solutions, most common of which is the transcutaneous aortic implantation (TAVI) (TAVR replacement in the USA) procedure. A number of devices for the treatment of mitral valve regurgitation (the second most common valve dysfunction in the developed world) are just over the horizon. These devices are very expensive and many are of unproven worth. In a world of cash-strapped healthcare systems, evidence-based means of assessing the effect of disease and its treatment are urgently required.
The standard for assessing PROMS in any condition is to use two instruments—a generic one and a disease-specific one.6
Euroqol is by far the most commonly used generic instrument in Europe. It has been shown in many studies of patients with various conditions to be an effective way of assessing quality of life before and after treatment.7 ,12–14 ,26
A comprehensive formal review of PROMS instruments in patients receiving medical treatment for heart failure by the PROMS group at Oxford University concluded that the Euroqol and MLHFQ were the most appropriate to measure quality of life in this group of patients.14
Key results
In this study, we examined the performance of Euroqol and MLHFQ PROMS in patients receiving surgical treatment for heart valve disease. This is the first study to formally evaluate any PROMS instruments in this population of patients.
We have demonstrated a significant improvement in health status using Euroqol. The instrument has been shown to be significantly valid but performed less well in the assessment of reliability and responsiveness. A Cronbach score of 0.68 in the reliability test was only just below the significant figure of 0.7 or higher. Since this study looked at completed responses from only 87 patients, it is highly likely that a more appropriately powered study would have come up with a higher score.3 ,5 ,6 ,9 ,17–22
The performance of the MLHFQ instrument was very impressive, even though the number of participating patients was small. It showed significant improvements in health status after surgery and tests of validity, reliability and responsiveness were all highly significant with p values of <0.001.3 ,9 ,17–22
Limitations
There are a number of limitations to this study, namely the relatively small number of patients studied and the fact that the postoperative questionnaire was only conducted once at 6 weeks. The other obvious limitation is that the featured treatment did not include percutaneous options.
Interpretation
Nonetheless, we have shown that Euroqol and MLHFQ fit the bill very nicely for the assessment of the effect of heart valve disease and its treatment on patients' quality of life.
Generalisability
The case for routine measurement of PROMS is strong. With the inevitable rapid expansion in percutaneous treatments and its associated costs, occurring in the near future, we would urge all commissioners to require providers to adopt these instruments in the management of patients undergoing treatment of heart valve disease as a matter of routine.5 ,6
Measurement of PROMS using Euroqol and MLHFQ should also be part of every research study looking at the effectiveness of treatments in patients with heart valve disease.
References
Footnotes
Twitter Follow Norman Briffa at @chestcracker
Contributors This work was undertaken as part of an intercalated Bachelor of Medical Science Degree of CH. CH collected and analysed the data and wrote the first draft. NB supervised CH and wrote the final draft of the paper.
Funding Funding for this study was obtained through the Sheffield Hospitals Charitable Trust.
Competing interests NB is treasurer to the British Heart Valve Society.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement All data gathered in this study were used in the analysis and preparation of this paper.