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Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an endogenously synthesised and diet-supplied lipid-soluble cofactor that functions in the mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons from complexes I and II to complex III. In addition, its redox activity enables CoQ10 to act as a membrane antioxidant. In patients with congestive heart failure, myocardial CoQ10 content tends to decline as the degree of heart failure worsens. A number of controlled pilot trials with supplemental CoQ10 in heart failure found improvements in functional parameters such as ejection fraction, stroke volume and cardiac output, without side effects. Subsequent meta-analyses have confirmed these findings, although the magnitude of benefit tends to be less notable in patients with severe heart failure, or within the context of ACE inhibitor therapy. The multicentre randomised placebo-controlled Q-SYMBIO trial has assessed the impact of supplemental CoQ10 on hard endpoints in heart failure. A total of 420 patients received either CoQ10 (100 mg three times daily) or placebo and were followed for 2 years. Although short-term functional endpoints were not statistically different in the two groups, CoQ10 significantly reduced the primary long-term endpoint—a major adverse cardiovascular event—which was observed in 15% of the treated participants compared to 26% of those receiving placebo (HR=0.50, CI 0.32 to 0.80, p=0.003). Particularly in light of the excellent tolerance and affordability of this natural physiological compound, supplemental CoQ10 has emerged as an attractive option in the management of heart failure, and merits evaluation in additional large studies.
- HEART FAILURE
- coenzyme Q10
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Introduction
Heart failure occurs due to failure of the heart to pump adequately (systolic dysfunction) and/or impaired relaxation (diastolic dysfunction). Among a variety of causes, coronary artery disease, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, ageing, valvular heart disease and congenital heart disease are the most common.1 Statistical data from the American Heart Association (AHA) show that a total of 5.1 million people in the USA suffer from heart failure,2 while 23 million people have diagnosed heart failure worldwide.3 Morbidity and mortality due to heart failure increase with age,4 and it is reported that heart failure is responsible for one in nine deaths in the USA.2 Moreover, heart failure is among the most frequent causes of hospitalisations and disability in the elderly.5 ,6 Though there have been major improvements in pharmacological management of heart failure, mortality rates continue to exceed 10% per year, reaching between 20% to 50% in severe cases.7
Recently, long-term therapy with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) has been shown to improve heart failure symptoms, reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and mortality, and to be safe and well tolerated.8 This review covers the existing literature pertaining to CoQ10 and the treatment of heart failure.
Role of CoQ10 in heart failure (HF)
A benzoquinone derivative with an isoprenoid side chain, CoQ10 was first isolated from beef heart mitochondria.9 It exists in a reduced (ubiquinol, CoQ10H2) as well as in an oxidised (ubiquinone, CoQ10) form. It is a lipophilic molecule and uses lipoprotein-mediated transport for circulation; thus, plasma levels of CoQ10 correlate with plasma total and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.10–17 Along with dietary intake from meat products, CoQ10 is also synthesised endogenously.18 It acts as an essential cofactor in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, having a key role in formation of ATP. It mediates electron transfer in the electron transport chain (ETC) from complex 1 (NADH coenzyme Q reductase) to complex 3 (cytochrome bc1 complex), and from complex 2 (succinate dehydrogenase) to complex 3. Additionally, CoQ10 has direct antioxidant effects, preventing membrane oxidation and lipid peroxidation, stabilising LDL particles, and promoting recycling of α-tocopherol, thereby supporting cardiovascular health.19–22
CoQ10 is a key component in the mitochondrial ETC for ATP generation, and exists in abundance in the myocardium, as compared to other tissues.18 Myocardial CoQ10 depletion has been postulated as a mechanism in development and progression of congestive heart failure (CHF). Folkers et al23 demonstrated that myocardial CoQ10 level was linked with symptomatic severity of CHF, with the lowest levels observed in patients of New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV and the highest levels in patients in NYHA class I. Additionally, CoQ10, through its antioxidant effects, may reduce oxidative stress, which is known to adversely affect left ventricular ejection fraction and alter disease outcomes.24 Lastly, CoQ10 may stabilise calcium-dependent channels in the myocardium, enhancing effective ATP synthesis.25
Frequently, statins and β-blockers are used in patients of CHF for prevention of cardiovascular comorbidities. These drugs have been found to decrease CoQ10 levels by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway and myocardial enzymes, respectively.26–28 In an observational study by Molyneux et al,29 it was shown that CoQ10 is an independent predictor of survival, whether dichotomised at the receiver operating characteristic curve cut-point (HR 2.0; 95% CI 1.2 to 3.3) or the median (HR 1.6; 95% CI 1.0 to 2.6); these findings persisted after adjustment for serum cholesterol level. Additionally, myocardial coenzyme Q10 levels in patients with chronic HF were found to be 33% lower as opposed to levels in control patients.30 ,31 The aforementioned evidence suggests that CoQ10 may be useful in patients with CHF by replenishing deficient levels, which may improve ATP synthesis and left ventricular function.
The reference range of reduced CoQ10 for children (younger than 18 years of age) is 320–1376 μg/L and for adults (aged 18 years or older) it is 415–1480 μg/L. The reference values for total CoQ10 for children and adults are 320–1558 μg/L and 433–1532 μg/L, respectively. The normal percentage of reduced CoQ10 in children varies from 93% to100%, while in adults it falls between 92% and 98%.32
Formulations of CoQ10
CoQ10, being water insoluble, is marketed in a variety of formulations that solubilise CoQ10 and facilitate its absorption. The commonly available preparations are in the forms of powder, tablets, softgel oil suspension capsules and two-piece capsules. These preparations are marketed as crystalline CoQ10 powder, oil emulsions, solubilisates and nanoparticulate CoQ10. The inactive base compounds used in these formulations are selected from Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-recognised safe ingredients.33
CoQ10 bioavailability varies with the delivery method. Comparisons between the various studies assessing CoQ10 bioavailability are limited by the use of different doses, dosage timings in relation to meals and time of sample collection. Weis et al34 reported significant differences between different formulations, the highest bioavailability being shown for soybean oil suspension of CoQ10 (Bioquinon).35 Miles et al concluded that, among the solubilised products, the reduced form (Q-Nol or ubiquinol) had more bioavailability as opposed to other fully-solubilised control formulations, and non-solubilised CoQ10 powder was found to have minimal absorption after a 180 mg dose.36–39 In another comparative study of 10 commercially available preparations of CoQ10, the median change in bioavailability obtained with the best brand, Q-Gel, was superior to the other brands, ranging between 182% and 421%.37 ,40 Recently, the new water-soluble formulation (PureSorb-Q40) was found to have better uptake than oil-emulsion formulations.41 ,42
Comparisons between colloidal-Q10 and three preparations of CoQ10 (two solubilisates and oil based formulation) showed that the former had better bioavailability, as its mechanism of action was similar to the innate mixed micellar transport system.43 ,44 No significant differences have been described among healthy adults for four different oral CoQ10 formulations of a single 600 mg dose.45 In summary, the bioavailability of CoQ10 reflects the type and amount of oil in a given preparation, and the delivery method. The increasing order of bioavailability is as follows: powder, oil-emulsioned (eg, Bioquinon), solubilised (eg, Q-Nol) and nanoparticulated (eg, PureSorb-Q40).
Trial data of CoQ10 therapy in HF
There have been numerous observational reports in the last few decades reporting the usefulness of CoQ10 in improving HF symptoms, including ejection fraction, left ventricular size and quality of life. However, these studies had several design shortcomings, which have prevented their translation into clinical practice.46–53
Several clinical trials report comparisons of CoQ10 efficacy versus placebo. While some report no advantage over placebo, others conclude that CoQ10 supplementation improves systolic function and reduces ventricular size.54–66 Thus, due to small sample sizes and concomitant large effect sizes in these trials, it may be difficult to make certain statements regarding advantages and disadvantages of CoQ10 therapy. Also, it is difficult to assess the benefits of CoQ10 with respect to severity and aetiology of HF, and to segregate responders versus non-responders. Subsequently, to overcome these limitations, the trial data were pooled using meta-analysis to better understand the benefits of CoQ10 therapy.
Initial meta-analysis by Soja and Mortensen67 reported that, compared to HF patients in the placebo group, patients treated with CoQ10 achieved a better ejection fraction, stroke volume, cardiac output, cardiac index and end diastolic volume index (92% (p<0.0001), 76% (p<0.005), 73% (p<0.05), 87% (p<0.0001) and 88% (p<0.0001), respectively). In another analysis by Sander et al, with CoQ10 doses ranging from 60–200 mg/day, it was shown that there was a 3.7% net improvement in ejection fraction (1.59 to 5.77; p<0.00001). Cardiac output improved by an average of 0.28 L/min (0.03 to 0.53; p=0.96). Also, an increasing trend was demonstrated in stroke volume and stroke index, which increased by an average of 5.68 mL/m2 (1.02 to 10.34; p=0.28). Further subgroup analysis revealed that ejection fraction improved by 6.74% (CI 2.63% to 10.86%) without angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) therapy as compared to a mere 1.16% change (CI −0.39% to 2.71%) with use of ACEI.68 Another subgroup analysis showed that ejection fraction improved by 3.69% (CI 2.30% to 5.07%) when patients with severe HF (NYHA IV) were excluded, as compared to 2.17% (CI 0.28% to 4.05%) improvement in the absence of such exclusion,68 suggesting that initiating CoQ10 therapy early could help salvage cardiac myocyte function.
Fotino et al reported similar results in a meta-analysis; CoQ10 supplementation resulted in a pooled mean net increase in ejection fraction of 3.67% (95% CI 1.60% to 5.74%, p<0.001). A post hoc subgroup analysis showed change in ejection fraction was significant for participants with a baseline ≥30% (net change: 4.82; 95% CI 3.01 to 6.59), but was not significant for participants with a baseline <30% (net change: 0.40; 95% CI −0.91 to 1.70), further suggesting the benefits of early CoQ10 therapy.69
These meta-analyses hence suggest that supplemental CoQ10 can confer functional benefits in heart failure, but that these benefits tend to be greater in the absence of concurrent ACEI therapy and in patients with less severe dysfunction. These limitations may explain the failure of some modest-sized studies to confirm benefit for CoQ10.
Another possible benefit of CoQ10 supplementation may be its ability to improve exercise capacity in those treated with statins.70 As exercise capacity is a strong predictor of prognosis, this might be another advantage of CoQ10 supplementation.71
Despite favourable effects on surrogate endpoints with CoQ10 supplementation, the impact of CoQ10 on hard endpoints in HF, such as mortality, has long remained unclear. Fortunately, more clarity in this respect was provided with the recently released results from the Q-SYMBIO trial, a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial of CoQ10 as adjunctive treatment of chronic HF, focusing on changes in symptoms, biomarker status and long-term outcomes. This trial included 420 patients with moderate to severe CHF, who were randomly assigned to receive, for a 2-year period, CoQ10 100 mg three times daily (n=202) or placebo (n=218), as an adjunct to standard therapy. No significant differences were observed for secondary end points (NYHA functional class, visual analogue scale score for dyspnoea, fatigue and improvement in symptoms, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic polypeptide (NT-proBNP) and 6 min walk test) between two groups at 16 weeks. However, on analysing long-term primary end points with an intention to treat analysis at week 106, there was a significant reduction in MACE in the CoQ10 group (15%, n=30 vs 26%, n=57; corresponding to relative reduction of 43% with p=0.005; with HR 0.50; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.80; p=0.003 calculated from a Cox regression analysis stratified by centre). Additionally, the secondary endpoints at week 106 were better in the CoQ10 group—NYHA class improvement by 1 grade (58%, n=86 vs 45%, n=68; p=0.028) and serum NT-proBNP reduction (60%, 1137 pg/mL vs 52%, 881 pg/mL; p>0.05). The patients in the CoQ10 group had significantly fewer cardiovascular deaths (9%, n=18 vs 16%, n=34; corresponding to 43% relative reduction with p=0.039; with HR 0.51; 95% CI 0.28 to 0.92; p=0.026 calculated from a Cox regression analysis stratified by centre) and hospital stays for heart failure (8%, n=17 vs 14%, n=31, HR 0.51; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.95; p=0.033). Also, in the CoQ10 group there were significantly fewer all-cause deaths reported (10%, n=21 vs 18%, n=39; corresponding to 42% relative reduction with p=0.036; with HR 0.51; 95% CI 0.30 to 0.89; p=0.018 calculated from a Cox regression analysis stratified by centre). Additionally, the number of adverse events tended to be less in the CoQ10 group (13%, n=26 vs 19%, n=41; p=0.110).8
In summary, the long-term supplementation of CoQ10 in patients of HF seems safe, appears to produce symptomatic improvements, and, more importantly, has been found to significantly reduce MACEs and mortality. Larger randomised studies will be needed to confirm the results of the Q-SYMBIO trial in patients with HF.
Conclusion
The relationship of CoQ10 status to congestive heart failure has been studied in patients for decades. Early studies reported that myocardial levels of CoQ10 tended to decline with increasing severity of heart failure. Such a decline might be exacerbated by concurrent treatment with statins and β-blockers, which can suppress endogenous CoQ10 synthesis. Pilot supplementation trials with CoQ10 in HF patients reported improvements in functional parameters such as ejection fraction, stroke volume and cardiac output, with minimal side effects. These findings were reinforced by subsequent meta-analyses, which further concluded that benefits tended to be greater in earlier stage HF and in patients not treated with ACEIs. Moreover, it was found that in-hospital plasma CoQ10 in HF patients correlated inversely with subsequent mortality. Most definitively, the very recent Q-SYMBIO trial, a multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial, has demonstrated the beneficial impact of supplemental CoQ10 on hard end points in HF. Thus, in aggregate, evidence suggests that supplemental CoQ10 may be a useful option for effective management of heart failure, with the advantage of excellent clinical tolerance—reflecting its status as an essential physiological cofactor.
References
Footnotes
Competing interests JJD works for a company that sells CoQ10 but he does not directly profit from their sales. MFM is owner and science director of a nutraceutical company, of which one product is a CoQ10 supplement. JHO is part owner and founder of CardioTabs, a nutraceutical company that markets a CoQ10 supplement as one of its products.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement No additional data are available.