Clinical-liver, pancreas, and biliary tractThe effect of alcohol consumption on the prevalence of iron overload, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia☆
Section snippets
Survey design and collection of data
NHANES III was conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics between 1988 and 1994 to assess the health and nutritional status of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States.19 It was a cross-sectional study of 33,994 persons at least 2 months of age from 89 randomly selected locations throughout the United States and involved household interviews, standardized physical examinations, and laboratory investigations.
Study sample
Of 20,511 NHANES III participants aged 16 years or
Results
Of the 15,883 participants, 8839 (56%) reported drinking no alcohol or fewer than 12 drinks over the past 12 months and 4976 (31%) reported mild, 1153 (7%) moderate, and 915 (6%) heavy alcohol consumption (Table 2). Increasing alcohol consumption was associated with hepatitis C infection, male sex, age 30–59 years, and abnormal values of serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase. The proportion of participants whose income was below poverty level or who had education less than or equal to a
Discussion
In this population-based study, we observed that increasing alcohol consumption was associated with steadily increasing levels of serum ferritin, iron, and TS and decreased levels of erythrocyte protoporphyrin. The risks of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia were approximately 40% lower among persons who consumed any amount of alcohol compared with nondrinkers. However, among those who consumed more than 2 alcoholic drinks/day, there was also a significantly increased risk of iron
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Supported by grant K24DK02957 (to K.V.K.) and a Junior Faculty Development Award from the American College of Gastroenterology (to G.N.I.).