Patient demographics and medical comorbidities
| Initial implantation (n=178) | Reoperation (n=254) | P values | |
| Age (SD) | 67.9 (14.0) | 67.8 (14.9) | 0.905 |
| Male sex | 136 (76.4) | 202 (79.5) | 0.478 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.266 | ||
| White/Caucasian | 152 (85.4) | 208 (81.9) | |
| Black | 19 (7.5) | 13 (7.3) | |
| Asian | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
| Hispanic | 8 (4.5) | 22 (8.7) | |
| Type of device | |||
| PM | 125 (49.2) | 96 (53.9) | 0.344 |
| ICD | 75 (29.5) | 54 (30.3) | |
| CRT | 54 (21.3) | 28 (15.7) | |
| History of intravenous drug abuse | 3 (1.7) | 8 (3.1) | 0.537 |
| Previous history of CIED infection | 15 (8.4) | 34 (13.4) | 0.124 |
| Haemodialysis | 21 (11.8) | 16 (6.3) | 0.054 |
| Indwelling central venous catheter | 7 (3.9) | 4 (1.6) | 0.172 |
| Immunosuppressive drug use within past 6 months | 18 (10.1) | 11 (4.3) | 0.03 |
| Steroid use within the past 30 days | 8 (4.5) | 10 (3.4) | 0.81 |
| Solid organ transplant history | 5 (2.8) | 0 (0) | 0.011 |
| Coronary artery disease | 88 (49.4) | 130 (51.3) | 0.769 |
| Coronary artery bypass graft | 42 (23.6) | 55 (21.7) | 0.641 |
| Congenital heart disease | 7 (3.9) | 17 (6.7) | 0.287 |
| History of prosthetic heart valve | 33 (18.5) | 34 (13.4) | 0.177 |
| History of endovascular graft | 19 (10.7) | 29 (11.4) | 0.874 |
| Anticoagulation use | 52 (39.4) | 90 (35.4) | 0.472 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index Score, median (IQR) | 3 (2, 6) | 2 (1,4) | <0.001 |
| Mean ejection fraction (SD) | 35.9 (16.1) | 34.4 (14.5) | 0.681 |
CIED, cardiac implantable electronic device; CRT, cardiac resynchronisation therapy; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; PM, pacemaker.