k | N | OR | CI | I² (%) | P heterogeneity | P bias | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | |||||||
All studies | 23 | 9735 | 1.54 | 1.26 to 1.88 | 57.5 | 0.001 | 0.066 |
Excluding outliers | 21 | 9545 | 1.41 | 1.21 to 1.65 | 35.3 | 0.057 | 0.286 |
Interventionist | |||||||
Pharmacist | 6 | 813 | 1.44 | 0.92 to 2.26 | 30.0 | 0.210 | 0.309 |
No pharmacist | 15 | 8732 | 1.41 | 1.19 to 1.68 | 41.0 | 0.049 | 0.439 |
Nurse | 11 | 5030 | 1.19 | 1.04 to 1.36 | 0 | 0.920 | 0.501 |
No nurse | 10 | 4515 | 1.63 | 1.26 to 2.10 | 52.1 | 0.027 | 0.454 |
Other HCPs | 5 | 3842 | 1.66 | 1.22 to 2.24 | 67.1 | 0.012 | 0.550 |
Nurse or pharmacists | 16 | 5703 | 1.21 | 1.07 to 1.38 | 0 | 0.663 | 0.167 |
Delivery method | |||||||
In person only | 9 | 6358 | 1.21 | 1.08 to 1.36 | 0 | 0.890 | 0.305 |
Included phone contact | 12 | 3187 | 1.63 | 1.25 to 2.12 | 32.0 | 0.135 | 0.629 |
Theoretical basis | |||||||
Theory based | 4 | 686 | 0.94 | 0.60 to 1.49 | 0 | 0.781 | 0.692 |
Not theory based | 17 | 8859 | 1.48 | 1.25 to 1.76 | 41.4 | 0.038 | 0.094 |
Outcome | |||||||
Primary | 12 | 3833 | 1.31 | 1.11 to 1.54 | 0 | 0.622 | 0.227 |
Secondary | 9 | 5712 | 1.48 | 1.12 to 1.96 | 63.1 | 0.006 | 0.548 |
Risk of bias | |||||||
Low risk | 6 | 3948 | 1.69 | 1.15 to 2.47 | 51.4 | 0.068 | 0.042 |
Higher risk | 15 | 5597 | 1.36 | 1.13 to 1.64 | 28.1 | 0.147 | 0.658 |
HCP, healthcare provider; I², heterogeneity; k, number of studies; N, sample size; P bias, small study effects significance; P heterogeneity, heterogeneity significance.
Interventionist, delivery method and theoretical basis were prespecified subgroups, while outcome and risk of bias were determined post hoc. Outliers were excluded from subgroup analyses.40 45