Overt HCM (n=76) | Preclinical HCM (n=50) | Control (n=41) | p for ANOVA | |
Clinical characteristics | ||||
Age, years | 27 (14)*† | 20 (11) | 17 (8) | 0.0002 |
Women, n (%) | 25 (33)*† | 28 (56) | 24 (56) | 0.007 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 115 (15) | 113 (13) | 113 (13) | 0.71 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 67 (9) | 68 (9) | 66 (9) | 0.55 |
Height, cm | 168 (18)*† | 162 (14) | 159 (18) | 0.012 |
Weight, kg | 72 (24)*† | 62 (18) | 58 (21) | 0.002 |
Body surface area, kg/m2 | 1.83 (0.42)*† | 1.67 (0.32) | 1.59 (0.39) | 0.003 |
NYHA class, n (%) | – | |||
Class I | 63 (83) | 50 (100) | 41 (100) | |
Class II | 9 (12) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Class III | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Class IV | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Medication use, n (%) | – | |||
Beta-blocker | 25 (33) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Calcium channel blocker | 9 (12) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | |
ACE inhibitor/ARB | 4 (5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Genetic background, n (%) | 0.51 | |||
MYH7 | 26 (34) | 20 (40) | ||
MYBPC3 | 39 (51) | 26 (52) | ||
TNNT2 | 7 (9) | 1 (2) | ||
Imaging characteristics | ||||
Left atrial diameter, cm | 3.7 (0.9)*† | 3.0 (0.5)* | 2.8 (0.5) | <0.0001 |
LV end-diastolic dimension, z-score | −2.6 (1.6)*† | −1.8 (1.2)* | −1.2 (1.3) | <0.0001 |
LV end-systolic dimension, z-score | −2.5 (2.0)*† | −1.6 (1.2)* | −0.7 (1.4) | <0.0001 |
LV wall thickness, z-score | 10.0 (6.7)*† | 1.4 (1.3) | 1.1 (1.3) | <0.0001 |
LV ejection fraction, % | 67 (10)* | 67 (8)* | 63 (8) | 0.048 |
E/A ratio | 1.6 (0.5)*† | 2.0 (0.6) | 2.0 (0.5) | <0.0001 |
Deceleration time, ms | 214 (67)*† | 184 (43) | 182 (44) | 0.003 |
Mitral valve global e', cm/s | 11.3 (3.6)*† | 15.2 (1.9)* | 16.2 (2.3) | <0.0001 |
Mitral valve global s', cm/s | 9.0 (2.0)† | 10.3 (1.9) | 9.6 (1.8) | 0.003 |
CMR LGE present, n (%) | 18 (46) | – | – | – |
CMR LGE, % LV mass | 5.9 (7.6) | NA | NA | – |
Exercise testing | ||||
Duration, min | 11.6 (3.0) | 12.2 (2.2) | 11.9 (3.0) | 0.48 |
Peak MET, mL O2/kg/min | 13.1 (3.8) | 14.3 (2.6) | 14.3 (3.2) | 0.08 |
Values are mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated.
Cardiac MRI performed on a subset of n=41 overt HCM, n=32 preclinical HCM and n=23 controls, of whom LGE was assessed in n=39, 29 and 23 individuals.
*Indicates p<0.05 versus control.
†Indicates p<0.05 versus preclinical HCM.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CMR, cardiac MRI; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement; LV, left ventricular; MET, metabolic equivalent; NA, not applicable; NYHA, New York Heart Association; MYH7, myosin heavy chain 7; MYBPC3, myosin binding protein C; TNNT2, troponin T2.