Participants’ Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
| Healthy Controls (n=30) | Diabetes (n=28) | Stroke (n=34) | Mitochondrial Disease (n=28) | Heart Failure (n=32) | |
| Age, y | 55 (12)* | 60 (9)† | 62 (7)‡ | 48 (9)§ | 62 (11) |
| Male, No. (%) | 23 (75) | 22 (80) | 27 (80) | 20 (70) | 25 (77) |
| Weight, Kg | 76.8 (12.7)¶ | 91.1 (12.2)† | 83.0 (14.3)‡ | 66.1 (14.9) | 79.6 (17.3) |
| Height, Cm | 170 (10) | 171 (8) | 175 (7) | 171 (9) | 172 (10) |
| Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 27 (4)¶ | 31 (5)**,††, † | 27 (4) | 26 (5)‡ | 26.6 (4.0) |
| Body Surface Area, m2 | 1.9 (0.1) | 2.0 (0.3) | 2.0 (0.2) | 1.8 (0.1)† | 1.9 (0.2) |
| History of Coronary Artery Disease, No. (%) | – | – | 7 (21) | – | 15 (48) |
| History of Hypertension, No. (%) | – | 11 (40) | 27 (80) | 7 (25) | 23 (71) |
| History of Hyperlipidemia, No. (%) | – | 17 (60) | 19 (55) | 10 (36) | 17 (47) |
| History of Diabetes | – | 28 (100) | 11 (33) | 15 (55) | 8 (24) |
| Receiving Metformin, No. (%) | – | 20 (70) | – | 8 (30) | 6 (18) |
| Receiving Insulin, N. (%) | – | – | – | – | 2 (6) |
| Receiving ACE or ARB, No. (%) | – | 11 (40) | 27 (80) | 13 (45) | 30 (94) |
| Receiving β-blocker, No. (%) | – | – | 9 (25) | 3 (10) | 32 (100) |
| Calcium channel blocker, No. (%) | – | – | 5 (15) | 3 (10) | 8 (24) |
| Receiving statin | – | 17 (60) | 19 (55) | 11 (36) | 30 (94) |
| Receiving Antiarrhythmic, No. (%) | – | – | 9 (25) | 4 (15) | 15 (47) |
Significant differences between groups (significanc e p<0.05, data ext rapolated from on e-way ANOVA an d Tukey post-hoc test):
*Mitochondrial Disease vs Healthy
†Mitochondrial Disease vs Diabetes
‡Stroke vs Mitochondrial Disease
§Heart Failure vs Mitochondrial Disease
¶Diabetes vs Healthy
**Heart Failure vs Diabetes
††Stroke vs Diabetes
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker