Resting and Peak Exercise Cardiovascular and Metabolic Variables. Data presented as mean (SD).
| Healthy Controls (n=30) | Diabetes (n=28) | Stroke (n=34) | Mitochondrial Disease (n=28) | Heart Failure (n=32) | ||
| Resting metabolic and cardiac variables | ||||||
| Oxygen consumption, mL/kg/min | 3.9 (0.8) | 3.3 (1.0)* | 3.6 (0.8) | 4.2 (0.8) | 4.0 (0.8) | |
| Heart rate, bpm | 69 (8)† | 76 (10)‡ | 74 (10)§ | 79 (10)¶ | 62 (10) | |
| Mean blood pressure, mmHg | 101 (10) | 106 (11)‡ | 102 (11) | 108 (16)¶ | 92 (9) | |
| Cardiac index, L/min/m2 | 3.5 (0.6)** | 3.1 (0.4)‡ | 3.2 (0.5)§ | 3.4 (0.4)¶ | 2.2 (0.2) | |
| Cardiac power output, Watts | 1.41 (0.29)** | 1.33 (0.28)‡ | 1.39 (0.27)§ | 1.48 (0.41) ¶ | 0.86 (0.23) | |
| Stroke Volume, mL/beat | 95.1 (22.9)**, † | 83.0 (15.3) | 83.7 (13.9) | 77.8 (13.2) | 68.4 (17.1) | |
| Peripheral vascular resistance, dyne/s/cm2 | Ddsd 1215 (252) **, † | 1368 (308) | 1275 (296) | 1416 (351) | 1795 (382) | |
| Arteriovenous oxygen difference, mL/100 mL | 4.7 (0.9)** | 5.5 (2.1)‡ | 4.9 (1.2)§ | 4.6 (1.2) ¶ | 7.2 (2.2) | |
| Peak exercise metabolic and cardiac variables | ||||||
| Oxygen consumption, mL/kg/min | 33.1 (12.1)**, ††, †, ‡‡ | 21.9 (5.3) | 17.7 (4.5) | 19.5 (5.4) | 22.0 (5.3) | |
| Heart rate, bpm | 157 (24)**, * | 153 (14)‡, §§ | 127 (26)§ | 150 (24)¶, ** | 117 (25) | |
| Oxygen pulse, mL/beat | 16.2 (4.4)**, *, †, †† | 13.0 (4.1)‡, * | 11.6 (3.9) | 8.6 (3.2)¶ | 12.2 (4.5) | |
| Mean blood pressure, mmHg | 130 (11)** | 140 (16)‡, * | 133 (9)§ | 125 (13)¶ | 105 (15) | |
| Cardiac index, L/min/m2 | 9.9 (2.4)**, † | 8.6 (1.9)‡ | 8.0 (1.2)§ | 8.4 (1.6) | 6.1 (1.1) | |
| Cardiac power output, Watts | 5.41 (1.70)**, † | 5.37 (1.11)‡, * | 4.71 (1.14)§ | 3.98 (1.11) | 2.56 (1.53) | |
| Stroke Volume, mL/beat | 125.7 (36.9)**, † | 126.8 (29.1)§§ | 128.9 (30.1) | 96.5 (24.7) | 102.9 (43.5) | |
| Peripheral vascular resistance, dyne/s/cm2 | 553 (128)** | 651 (192) | 665 (177) | 662 (204) | 724 (298) | |
| Arteriovenous oxygen difference, mL/100 mL | 11.9 (3.0)**, *, † | 9.8 (3.8)‡ | 9.3 (2.4)§ | 9.1 (2.6)¶ | 14.4 (4.2) | |
| Ventilatory efficiency slope | 27.2 (6.4)**, *, † | 29.8 (8.1)‡, *, §§ | 32.4 (7.4) | 35.7 (8.3) | 36.7 (7.8) | |
Significant differences between the groups (significance p<0.05, data extrapolated from one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test):
*Mitochondrial Disease vs Diabetes
†Mitochondrial Disease vs Healthy
‡Heart Failure vs Diabetes
§Heart failure vs Stroke
¶Heart Failure vs Mitochondrial Disease
**Heart Failure vs Healthy
††Stroke vs Healthy
‡‡Diabetes vs Healthy
§§Stoke vs Diabetes
¶¶Stoke vs Mitochondrial Disease