Mean values of echocardiographic parameters according to smoking status
| Variable | Never smokers | Former smokers | Current smokers | ||||||||
| Mean | Range | SEM | Mean | Range | SEM | p (to never smokers) | Mean | Range | SEM | p (to never smokers) | |
| Left ventricular structure and function | |||||||||||
| LVEDV, mL | 81.9 | 36.0–168.0 | 0.4 | 85.0 | 31.2–200.7 | 1.5 | 0.09 | 86.6 | 34.6–184.1 | 1.5 | 0.009 |
| LVESV, mL | 32.6 | 8.4–90.3 | 1.0 | 34.7 | 13.4–88.5 | 0.7 | 0.02 | 36.4 | 12.9–137.1 | 1.0 | 0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 60.3 | 38.7–79.6 | 0.2 | 59.4 | 36.3–73.4 | 0.3 | 0.01 | 58.7 | 17.3–95.7 | 0.7 | 0.01 |
| LVM, g | 149.7 | 63.6–469.6 | 2.3 | 159.8 | 67.4–336.1 | 2.9 | 0.01 | 156.8 | 60.3–325.6 | 2.9 | 0.09 |
| RWT | 0.4 | 0.2–0.8 | 0.01 | 0.4 | 0.2–0.8 | 0.01 | 0.34 | 0.4 | 0.2–0.7 | 0.01 | 0.11 |
| E/e′ | 10.1 | 4.3–28.0 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 4.7–27.7 | 0.2 | 0.38 | 9.5 | 4.5–28.0 | 0.5 | 0.008 |
| Right ventricular structure and function | |||||||||||
| RVAd, cm2 | 14.5 | 4.9–29.0 | 0.2 | 15.4 | 4.8–31.9 | 0.2 | 0.003 | 15.1 | 5.9–28.0 | 0.3 | 0.06 |
| RVFAC | 0.46 | 0.09–0.72 | 0.01 | 0.45 | −0.1–0.7 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.4 | 0.1–0.7 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| TAPSE, cm | 2.1 | 0.9–3.5 | 0.03 | 2.1 | 0.8–3.4 | 0.03 | 0.52 | 2.0 | 0.5–3.3 | 0.04 | 0.08 |
| RV peak S velocity | 12.0 | 5.3–25.8 | 0.1 | 12.0 | 5.5–22.3 | 0.14 | 0.92 | 11.4 | 3.6–20.2 | 0.2 | 0.009 |
| RVOT VTI, cm | 17.8 | 8.7–30.6 | 0.2 | 17.0 | 9.5–31.3 | 0.2 | 0.005 | 16.7 | 6.8–27.7 | 0.2 | 0.0002 |
| RVSV, mL | 49.3 | 13.9–141.4 | 0.9 | 48.3 | 14.0–117.4 | 1.3 | 0.51 | 45.7 | 10.4–120.5 | 1.3 | 0.02 |
| TR max peak gradient, mm Hg | 18.3 | 0.1–3.3 | 0.02 | 18.1 | 1.6–42.5 | 0.5 | 0.67 | 16.2 | 1.5–44.8 | 0.5 | 0.0003 |
| TR max velocity, cm/s | 209.1 | 11.1–329.2 | 2.0 | 207.5 | 63.3–325.8 | 3.1 | 0.63 | 195.7 | 60.2–334.5 | 3.2 | 0.0003 |
Bold denotes statistically significant associations (p≤0.01).
E/e′, transmitral E velocity to mitral annulus e′ velocity; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVM, left ventricular mass; RVAd, right ventricular area at diastole; RVFAC, right ventricular fractional area change; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract; RVSV, right ventricular stroke volume; RWT, relative wall thickness; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; VTI, velocity time integral.