Table 4

Multivariate analysis of different measures of tobacco usage

Variable	Age at initiation		Cigarettes per day		Lifetime pack-years
Variable	Coefficient estimate	p Value	Coefficient estimate	p Value	Coefficient estimate	p Value
Left ventricular structure and function
LVEDV, mL	0.15	0.03	0.03	0.46	−0.02	0.16
LVESV, mL	0.059	0.05	0.014	0.52	−0.01	0.18
LVEF, %	−0.002	0.87	−0.004	0.80	−0.002	0.51
LVM, g	−0.29	0.01	0.58	<0.0001	0.33	<0.0001
RVAd, cm²	0.02	0.24	0.002	0.85	0.0008	0.76
RWT	−0.00009	0.82	0.003	<0.0001	0.0007	<0.0001
E/e′	0.03	0.001	0.046	<0.0001	0.009	0.0006
Right ventricular structure and function
RVFAC	−0.0007	0.14	−0.0003	0.12	−0.0006	<0.0001
TAPSE, cm	0.00004	0.98	−0.0005	0.68	−0.0015	<0.0001
RV peak S	−0.017	0.03	0.017	0.0001	−0.007	<0.0001
RVOT VTI, cm	0.05	0.0002	−0.025	0.0009	−0.014	<0.0001
RVSV, mL	0.63	<0.0001	−0.28	<0.0001	−0.07	<0.0001
TR max peak gradient, mm Hg	0.035	0.06	0.098	<0.0001	−0.01	0.02
TR max velocity, cm/s	0.36	0.005	0.68	<0.0001	−0.05	0.16

Adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes and BMI.
Bold denotes statistically significant associations (p≤0.01).
BMI, body mass index; E/e′, transmitral E velocity to mitral annulus e′ velocity; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVM, left ventricular mass; RVAd, right ventricular area at diastole; RVFAC, right ventricular fractional area change; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract; RVSV, right ventricular stroke volume; RWT, relative wall thickness; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; VTI, velocity time integral.