Variable | Non-daily smokers | Daily smokers | |||
Mean | SE | Mean | SE | p (compared with non-daily) | |
Left ventricular structure and function | |||||
LVEDV, mL | 85.5 | 3.6 | 86.9 | 1.6 | 0.43 |
LVESV, mL | 35.1 | 1.9 | 36.7 | 1.1 | 0.08 |
LVEF, % | 60 | 1.0 | 58.4 | 0.7 | <0.0001 |
LVM, g | 148.1 | 4.0 | 158.0 | 3.4 | <0.0001 |
RWT | 0.4 | 0.01 | 0.39 | 0.01 | 0.017 |
E/e′ | 8.8 | 0.3 | 9.6 | 0.3 | <0.0001 |
Right ventricular structure and function | |||||
RVAd, cm2 | 14.9 | 0.6 | 15.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
RVFAC | 0.45 | 0.01 | 0.44 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
TAPSE, cm | 2.2 | 0.05 | 2.01 | 0.04 | <0.0001 |
RV peak S velocity, cm/s | 12.2 | 0.4 | 11.2 | 0.2 | <0.0001 |
RVOT VTI, cm | 17.5 | 0.4 | 16.5 | 0.3 | <0.0001 |
Right ventricular stroke volume, mL | 46.6 | 2.2 | 45.5 | 1.5 | 0.4 |
TR max peak gradient, mm Hg | 17.3 | 1.1 | 15.9 | 0.6 | 0.0017 |
TR max velocity, cm/s | 201.9 | 7.6 | 194.2 | 3.8 | 0.01 |
Bold denotes statistically significant associations (p≤0.01).
E/e′, transmitral E velocity to mitral annulus e′ velocity; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVM, left ventricular mass; RVAd, right ventricular area at diastole; RVFAC, right ventricular fractional area change; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract; RWT, relative wall thickness; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; Tr, tricuspid regurgitation; VTI, velocity time integral.