Predictors of regular NSAID use in the USA, 1988–1994 and 1999–2004, multivariate logistic regression
| NHANES III (1988–1994) n=12 875 | NHANES 1999–2004 n=9966 | |||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Age category | ||||
| 20–39 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 40–59 | 2.062 | 1.641 to 2.591 | 2.039 | 1.659 to 2.506 |
| 60+ | 3.548 **,† | 2.742 to 4.591 | 3.849 **,† | 3.104 to 4.774 |
| Race | ||||
| NH White | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| NH African American | 0.571 | 0.475 to 0.686 | 0.507 *,† | 0.434 to 0.591 |
| Mexican American | 0.539 | 0.448 to 0.648 | 0.404 **,† | 0.329 to 0.495 |
| Other | 0.364‡ | 0.204 to 0.651 | 0.640 | 0.461 to 0.888 |
| Other Hispanic | 0.595 | 0.291 to 1.215 | 0.672 | 0.546 to 0.828 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Female | 1.137 | 0.968 to 1.337 | 1.163 *,† | 1.037 to 1.305 |
| Education | ||||
| <HS | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Completed HS | 0.871 | 0.718 to 1.058 | 1.075 | 0.896 to 1.289 |
| Some college or more | 0.988 | 0.761 to 1.281 | 1.210 *,§ | 1.011 to 1.450 |
| BMI | ||||
| <25 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 25 to <30 | 1.256 | 1.054 to 1.497 | 1.109 | 0.958 to 1.284 |
| >30 to <35 | 1.669 **,§ | 1.300 to 2.141 | 1.189 | 0.957 to 1.476 |
| ≥35 | 1.716 *,§ | 1.292 to 2.279 | 1.319 *,§ | 1.046 to 1.663 |
| Poverty to income ratio | ||||
| ≤1.3 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| >1.3 to ≤ 3.5 | 1.031 | 0.829 to 1.282 | 1.178 | 0.973 to 1.425 |
| >3.5 | 1.156 | 0.898 to 1.488 | 1.245 | 1.002 to 1.546 |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| 0 drinks/day | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 1–2 drinks/day | 1.100 | 0.895 to 1.353 | 1.166 *,§ | 0.971 to 1.400 |
| ≥3 drinks/day | 1.082 | 0.904 to 1.295 | 0.952 | 0.759 to 1.194 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Former | 1.029 | 0.882 to 1.202 | 1.348 **,† | 1.168 to 1.555 |
| Current | 1.156 | 0.933 to 1.433 | 1.059 | 0.861 to 1.303 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Inactive | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Insufficiently active | 0.720 **,† | 0.583 to 0.888 | 1.046 | 0.894 to 1.224 |
| Active | 0.927 | 0.736 to 1.168 | 1.085 | 0.956 to 1.230 |
| Cancer history | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.019 | 0.816 to 1.273 | 0.995 | 0.814 to 1.216 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.274 | 0.943 to 1.723 | 1.211 | 0.980 to 1.495 |
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.122 | 0.903 to 1.395 | 1.042 | 0.856 to 1.269 |
| Heart disease | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 2.592 ** | 2.065 to 3.253 | 2.331 ** | 1.787 to 3.042 |
| Current health status | ||||
| Excellent | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Very good | 1.377 *,† | 1.065 to 1.782 | 1.706 **,† | 1.410 to 2.065 |
| Good | 1.604 | 1.304 to 1.973 | 2.178 | 1.810 to 2.621 |
| Fair | 2.166 **,† | 1.687 to 2.781 | 3.135 **,† | 2.547 to 3.860 |
| Poor | 2.415 *,† | 1.598 to 3.649 | 4.955 **,† | 3.451 to 7.115 |
| Waist circumference | ||||
| ≤88 cm (women), ≤102 cm (men) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| >88 cm (women), >102 cm (men) | 0.998 | 0.844 to 1.181 | 1.264 *,† | 1.084 to 1.474 |
Boldface indicates statistical significance (*p<0.05, **p<0.001).
†Association remains significant in participants without cancer history, diabetes, chronic kidney disease or heart disease.
‡Association is significant in participants without cancer history, diabetes, chronic kidney disease or heart disease, p<0.05.
§Association is not significant in participants without cancer history, diabetes, chronic kidney disease or heart disease.
BMI, body mass index; cm, centimetre; HS, high school; NH, non-Hispanic; NHANES, National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.