Risk factor | Studies (n) | Total participants | Mean difference (95% CI) | Risk ratio (CI) | Overall effect Z (p Value) | I2 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 4 | 1755 | 4.94 (3.46 to 6.42) | 6.53 (p<0.00001) | 53 | |
Duration of diabetes | 4 | 1755 | 4.51 (2.51 to 6.52) | 4.42 (<0.00001) | 66 | |
Male | 3 | 1385 | 1.57 (0.45 to 5.39) | 0.71 (0.48) | 98 | |
BMI | 2 | 1012 | 0.55 (0.08 to 1.01) | 2.31 (0.02) | 0 | |
Proliferative retinopathy | 3 | 1385 | 3.69 (1.20 to 11.34) | 2.28 (0.02) | 82 | |
Microalbuminuria | 3 | 1639 | 2.47 (1.43 to 4.29) | 3.22 (0001) | 89 | |
Hypertension | 2 | 1329 | 4.18 (2.52 to 6.91) | 5.56 (<0.00001) | 53 | |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 4 | 1755 | 4.10 (2.20 to 6.00) | 4.23 (<0.00001 | 0 | |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 4 | 1755 | 0.89 (−0.36 to 2.14) | 1.39 (0.16) | 0 | |
HbA1c (%) | 4 | 1755 | 0.48 (0.28 to 0.67) | 4.75 (<0.00001 | 0 | |
Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3 | 1382 | 1.19 (−0.99 to 3.36) | 1.07 (0.28) | 100 | |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 4 | 1755 | 0.09 (0.01 to 0.17) | 2.21 (0.03) | 0 | |
HDL (mmol/L) | 3 | 1385 | −0.28 (−0.58 to 0.03) | 1.79 (0.07) | 96 | |
LDL (mmol/L) | 3 | 1382 | 0.12 (−0.15 to 0.39) | 087 (0.39) | 73 |
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.