Opposing effects of ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids on obesity
| ω-6 | ω-3 | |
|---|---|---|
| Adipose cells (tissue) | ↑ | ↓ |
| White adipose tissues | ↑ | ↓ |
| Brown adipose tissues | ↓ | ↑ |
| Inflammation | ↑ | ↓ |
| Triglycerides | ↑ | ↓ |
| Muscle glycogen synthesis | ↑ | |
| Endogenous antioxidants (ie, superoxide dismutase catalase) | ↓ | ↑ |
| Oxidation | ↑ | ↓ |
| Endocannabinoid tone | ↑ | ↓ |
| Protein synthesis | ↑ | |
| Mitochondrial biogenesis | ↑ | |
| AMPK | ↑ | |
| Akt | ↑ | |
| Telomeres | ↓ | ↑ |
| NF-κB | ↑ | ↓ |
| PPARα | ↓ | ↑ |
| Leptin resistance | ↑ | ↓ |
| Insulin resistance | ↑ | ↓ |
| Adiponectin | ↑ | |
| Waist circumference | ↑ | ↓ |
↑increase, ↓decrease.
Akt, protein kinase B; AMPK, 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α.