Baseline characteristics, baseline echocardiographic and exercise data
| Controls | MR | MS | AS | AR | All valves | p Value* | p Value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of subjects | 39 | 33 | 30 | 34 | 39 | 136 | ||
| Age (years) | 55±15 | 53±16 | 49±14 | 67±9‡ | 42±14‡ | 53±16 | 0.404 | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 16 (41) | 15 (45) | 28 (93) | 4 (12) | 6 (15) | 53 (39) | 0.817 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.8±3.5 | 27.7±5.0 | 28.6±5.8 | 28.9±4.5‡ | 28.8±4.7‡ | 28.5±4.9 | 0.001 | 0.023 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 (27) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 (6) | 0.202 | <0.001 |
| Symptomatic, n (%) | 1 (3) | 17 (52) | 14 (47) | 17 (50) | 7 (18) | 55 (40) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Medication, n (%) | ||||||||
| Loop diuretic | 0 (0) | 4 (12) | 13 (43) | 5 (15) | 2 (5) | 24 (18) | 0.003 | <0.001 |
| ACE inhibitor | 0 (0) | 6 (18) | 4 (13) | 4 (12) | 25 (64) | 39 (29) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Beta blocker | 0 (0) | 6 (18) | 4 (13) | 11 (32) | 2 (5) | 23 (17) | 0.006 | <0.001 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 24 (16–33) | 35 (23–52) | 58 (34–90) | 31 (22–60) | 34 (22–45) | 36 (24–62) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial area index | 10.5±1.9 | 17.5±4.4‡ | 19.3±5.9‡ | 11.5±2.5 | 10.8±2.0 | 14.5±5.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LVEDVI (mL/m2) | 52.3±12.7 | 76.6±14.0‡ | 43.4±11.2 | 49.6±16.5 | 91.3±28.4‡ | 66.9±27.6 | 0.003 | <0.001 |
| LVESVI (mL/m2) | 19.0±7.1 | 26.9±6.5‡ | 16.5±5.9 | 20.8±12.3 | 33.9±14.1‡ | 25.1±12.4 | 0.005 | <0.001 |
| LVEF (%) | 64.5±7.6 | 64.6±6.7 | 62.4±7.3 | 61.9±7.0 | 63.7±6.3 | 63.2±6.8 | 0.320 | 0.380 |
| PA pressure (mm Hg) | 24±4 | 37±13‡ | 36±12‡ | 32±7‡ | 28±7 | 33±10 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Peak heart rate (bpm) | 153±16 | 153±21 | 148±24 | 129±20‡ | 133±19‡ | 140±23 | 0.0003 | <0.001 |
| Exercise capacity (METS) | 12.5±3.1 | 9.1±2.7‡ | 6.3±2.6‡ | 9.1±3.2‡ | 10.9±3.4 | 9.0±3.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Peak systolic BP (mm Hg) | 169±23 | 163±30 | 132±23‡ | 159±22 | 188±24‡ | 163±32 | 0.183 | <0.001 |
*p Value relates to all-valves patients compared with controls.
†p Value for comparison between subgroups.
‡Comparison significant at the 0.05 level between each valve group versus controls.
Results are Mean±SD except BNP which is median (IQR).
BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BP, blood pressure; LVEDVI, left ventricular end-diastolic volume index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESVI, left ventricular end-systolic volume index; METS, metabolic equivalents; PA, pulmonary artery.