Baseline characteristics of participants who had an event, or were event-free, in the entire cohort and according to gender
| All (N=602) | Men (N=431) | Women (N=171) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Total | Event-free (N=437) | Event (N=165) | p Value | Event-free (N=317) | Event (N=114) | p Value | Event-free (N=120) | Event (N=51) | p Value |
| Demographic profile | ||||||||||
| Age (years) | 70±10 | 69±9 | 72±10 | <0.001 | 68±9 | 70±10 | 0.033 | 71±10 | 77±8 | <0.001 |
| Education >12 years (%) | 228 (38) | 176 (40) | 52 (32) | 0.051 | 145 (46) | 43 (38) | 0.150 | 31 (26) | 9 (18) | 0.247 |
| Study site | 0.073 | 0.713 | 0.006 | |||||||
| Hospital A (%) | 258 (43) | 197 (76) | 61 (24) | 137 (74) | 47 (26) | 60 (81) | 14 (19) | |||
| Hospital B (%) | 344 (57) | 240 (70) | 104 (30) | 180 (73) | 67 (27) | 60 (62) | 37 (38) | |||
| Group randomisation | 0.874 | 0.200 | 0.104 | |||||||
| HBI (%) | 306 (51) | 223 (73) | 83 (27) | 164 (76) | 51 (24) | 59 (65) | 32 (35) | |||
| Standard care (%) | 296 (46) | 214 (72) | 82 (28) | 153 (71) | 63 (29) | 61 (76) | 19 (24) | |||
| Risk factor profile | ||||||||||
| BMI >25 kg/m2 (%)* | 357 (68) | 265 (68) | 92 (66) | 0.549 | 201 (72) | 67 (69) | 0.544 | 64 (59) | 25 (58) | 0.948 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.9±1.1 | 3.9±1.1 | 3.9±1.1 | 0.784 | 3.8±1.1 | 3.7±1.0 | 0.377 | 4.1±1.5 | 4.3±1.0 | 0.488 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 139±23 | 139±23 | 140±25 | 0.530 | 138±23 | 138±24 | 0.971 | 143±23 | 147±25 | 0.374 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 75±12 | 75±11 | 73±14 | 0.072 | 76±11 | 74±13 | 0.176 | 73±12 | 71±15 | 0.294 |
| Type II diabetes (%) | 125 (21) | 83 (19) | 42 (26) | 0.081 | 63 (20) | 27 (24) | 0.391 | 20 (17) | 15 (29) | 0.059 |
| Blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.8 (5.2–6.8) | 5.8 (5.2–6.8) | 5.9 (5.2–7.0) | 0.187 | 5.8 (5.2–6.8) | 5.9 (5.2–6.9) | 0.676 | 5.7 (5.1–6.4) | 5.9 (5.2–7.8) | 0.079 |
| Current smoker (%) | 52 (9) | 41 (9) | 11 (7) | 0.299 | 31 (10) | 11 (10) | 0.989 | 10 (8) | 0 | 0.034 |
| High alcohol risk (%) | 114 (19) | 90 (21) | 24 (15) | 0.097 | 86 (27) | 24 (21) | 0.218 | 4 (3) | 0 | 0.187 |
| Clinical presentation | ||||||||||
| Charlson comorbidity18 | 4.9±2.5 | 4.5±2.3 | 5.7±2.7 | <0.001 | 4.4±2.3 | 5.4±2.6 | <0.001 | 4.8±2.2 | 6.3±2.7 | <0.001 |
| eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (%)† | 103 (22) | 58 (17) | 45 (35) | <0.001 | 35 (14) | 28 (31) | <0.001 | 23 (26) | 17 (43) | 0.053 |
| Functional status | ||||||||||
| NYHA class II, III, VI (%) | 280 (47) | 189 (43) | 91 (56) | 0.006 | 126 (40) | 57 (51) | 0.036 | 63 (53) | 34 (67) | 0.098 |
| Canadian class II, III, VI (%) | 225 (38) | 158 (36) | 67 (42) | 0.244 | 107 (34) | 49 (45) | 0.048 | 51 (43) | 18 (35) | 0.357 |
| 6 min walk test (m)‡ | 305±119 | 312±116 | 285±126 | 0.024 | 328±111 | 309±117 | 0.158 | 268±115 | 226±127 | 0.065 |
| Primary diagnosis | ||||||||||
| Arrhythmia (%) | 119 (20) | 80 (67) | 39 (33) | 57 (18) | 25 (22) | 23 (19) | 14 (27) | |||
| CAD (%) | 377 (63) | 289 (66) | 88 (53) | 220 (70) | 65 (57) | 69 (58) | 23 (45) | |||
| Heart failure (%) | 45 (7) | 33 (8) | 12 (7) | 14 (4) | 7 (6) | 19 (16) | 5 (10) | |||
| PAD (%) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Renal disease (%) | 5 (0.8) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (2) | 0 | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 2 (4) | |||
| Valve disease (%) | 17 (3) | 10 (2) | 7 (4) | 9 (3) | 5 (4) | 1 (1) | 2 (4) | |||
| Other (%) | 37 (6) | 22 (5) | 15 (9) | 15 (5) | 10 (9) | 7 (6) | 5 (10) | |||
| Psychosocial factors | ||||||||||
| Patient lives alone (%) | 127 (21) | 86 (20) | 41 (25) | 0.144 | 36 (11) | 13 (12) | 0.943 | 50 (42) | 28 (55) | 0.112 |
| Quality of life§ | ||||||||||
| SF-12 Physical | 43 (34–52) | 46 (36–53) | 39 (31–47) | <0.001 | 47 (38–53) | 41 (33–49) | 0.001 | 40 (30–48) | 34 (26–44) | 0.080 |
| SF-12 Mental | 55 (48–59) | 55 (48–59) | 26 (24–28) | 0.274 | 56 (49–60) | 54 (47–60) | 0.333 | 54 (48–59) | 54 (46–58) | 0.757 |
| Depression scores | ||||||||||
| PHQ-2, positive score (%) | 141 (23) | 96 (22) | 45 (27) | 0.159 | 59 (19) | 31 (27) | 0.048 | 37 (31) | 14 (28) | 0.658 |
| CES-D, total scores¶ | 20±10 | 21±11 | 19±10 | 0.576 | 19±10 | 21±10 | 0.558 | 23±11 | 17±9 | 0.107 |
| Potential depression (%)** | 90 (15) | 59 (14) | 31 (19) | 0.098 | 32 (10) | 23 (20) | 0.005 | 27 (23) | 8 (16) | 0.312 |
| Cognitive function†† | ||||||||||
| MoCA score | 27 (25–28) | 27 (26–29) | 26 (24–28) | <0.001 | 27 (25–28) | 26 (25–28) | 0.027 | 27 (26–29) | 26 (24–28) | 0.001 |
| MCI (%) | 169 (28) | 107 (25) | 62 (38) | 0.002 | 85 (27) | 40 (35) | 0.099 | 22 (19) | 22 (44) | 0.001 |
*Assessed in n=596.
†Assessed in n=570.
‡Assessed in n=506.
§Assessed in n=591.
¶Assessed in patients with a positive PHQ-2 score (n=146).
**Positive PHQ-2 plus CES-D ≥16.
††Assessed in n=593.
Bold value denotes statistically significance at <0.05.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CAD, coronary artery disease; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HBI, home-based intervention; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MoCA, Montreal cognitive assessment. Data are expressed as mean±SD if normally-distributed, median (IQR) if not normally-distributed or percentages; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PHQ-2, Patient health questionnaire-2 item; SF-12, 12-item short-form score.