Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with stage A heart failure, categorised by aetiology
| Total (n=521) | T2DM−/HTN+ (n=153) | p (HTN-control) | T2DM+/HTN− (n=109) | p (T2DM-control) | p (HTN-T2DM) | T2DM+/HTN+ (n=187) | p (both-control) | p (both-HTN) | p (both-T2DM) | T2DM−/HTN− (n=72) | p (total) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 71 (5) | 71 (5) | 71 (4) | 71 (5) | 71 (5) | 0.742 | ||||||
| Gender male, n (%) | 256 (49) | 65 (43) | 0.478 | 59 (54) | 0.028 | 0.063 | 105 (56) | 0.007 | 0.012 | 0.736 | 27 (38) | 0.010 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 67 (59–75) | 66 (58–74) | 1.000 | 68 (60–76) | 0.102 | 0.324 | 68 (61–75) | 0.162 | 0.530 | 1.000 | 64 (59–72) | 0.035 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 146 (18) | 156 (15) | <0.001 | 130 (8) | 1.000 | <0.001 | 154 (14) | <0.001 | 0.460 | <0.001 | 128 (10) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 82 (11) | 90 (11) | <0.001 | 74 (7) | 1.000 | <0.001 | 84 (10) | <0.001 | 0.315 | <0.001 | 74 (7) | <0.001 |
| Pulse pressure (mm Hg) | 64 (15) | 67 (15) | <0.001 | 55 (8) | 1.000 | <0.001 | 69 (15) | <0.001 | 0.324 | <0.001 | 54 (12) | <0.001 |
| Mean artery pressure | 108 (12) | 114 (13) | <0.001 | 99 (7) | 1.000 | <0.001 | 111 (9) | <0.001 | 0.149 | <0.001 | 100 (9) | <0.001 |
| Central SBP (mm Hg) | 149 (20) | 158 (20) | <0.001 | 131 (13) | 0.947 | <0.001 | 154 (18) | <0.001 | 0.451 | <0.001 | 138 (15) | <0.001 |
| Central DBP (mm Hg) | 83 (10) | 87 (11) | <0.001 | 78 (6) | 1.000 | <0.001 | 85 (9) | <0.001 | 0.215 | <0.001 | 77 (9) | <0.001 |
| ΔSBP (pre-post 6MW) | 18 (20) | 18 (24) | 20 (19) | 0.392 | <0.001 | 18 (19) | 16 (16) | 0.722 | ||||
| Body mass index (g/m2) | 29 (26–33) | 29 (26–32) | 1.000 | 28 (26–32) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 31 (27–34) | 0.005 | 0.050 | 0.032 | 28 (25–31) | 0.002 |
| HF risk factors | ||||||||||||
| ARIC risk (4 year) (%) | 6.2 (3.6–11.4) | 4.2 (2.5–7.3) | 0.104 | 7.3 (4.6–11.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 9.2 (6.2–14.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.048 | 3.2 (1.8–4.9) | <0.001 |
| FHS risk (4 year) (%) | 4.0 (2.0–6.5) | 3.0 (2–4) | 0.186 | 4.0 (3–10) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 5.0 (3–14) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.000 | 2.5 (1.8–3) | <0.001 |
| T2DM, n (%) | 296 (57) | 0 (0) | n/a | 109 (100) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 187 (100) | <0.001 | <0.001 | n/a | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 245 (47) | 67 (44) | 0.197 | 46 (42) | 0.313 | 0.798 | 107 (57) | 0.001 | 0.014 | 0.013 | 25 (35) | 0.003 |
| History HTN, n (%) | 421 (81) | 134 (88) | 0.556 | 75 (67) | 0.015 | <0.001 | 151 (81) | 0.457 | 0.089 | 0.020 | 61 (85) | 0.002 |
| Chemotherapy, n (%) | 46 (9) | 13 (9) | 0.529 | 7 (6) | 0.263 | 0.533 | 18 (10) | 0.722 | 0.719 | 0.339 | 8 (11) | 0.701 |
| Family history, n (%) | 184 (35) | 63 (41) | 0.944 | 44 (40) | 0.862 | 0.895 | 47 (25) | 0.009 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 30 (42) | 0.004 |
| History of heart disease, n (%) | 47 (9) | 21 (14) | 0.011 | 9 (8) | 0.131 | 0.171 | 15 (8) | 0.127 | 0.089 | 0.943 | 2 (3) | 0.049 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 284 (55) | 60 (41) | 0.580 | 64 (63) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 121 (72) | 0.018 | <0.001 | 0.159 | 39 (56) | <0.001 |
| Charlson score | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 0 (0–1) | 1.000 | 1.0 (1–3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.0 (1–2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.000 | 0 (0–1) | <0.001 |
| Medication, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| β-blocker | 38 (7) | 12 (7.8) | 11 (10) | 10 (5.3) | 5 (6.9) | 0.495 | ||||||
| ACEi/ARB | 360 (69) | 104 (68) | 69 (63) | 137 (73) | 50 (69) | 0.344 | ||||||
| Diuretics | 67 (13) | 22 (16) | 11 (11) | 21 (13) | 13 (19) | 0.432 | ||||||
| Calcium antagonist | 115 (22) | 26 (19) | 24 (25) | 47 (28) | 18 (27) | 0.273 | ||||||
| Lipid-lowering medications | 287 (55) | 57 (41) | 0.580 | 75 (76) | <0.001 | 125 (75) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.933 | 30 (45) | <0.001 | |
| Antiplatelet | 193 (37) | 44 (32) | 0.163 | 41 (41) | 0.961 | 80 (49) | 0.334 | 0.003 | 0.246 | 28 (42) | 0.031 | |
| Functional capacity | ||||||||||||
| 6MW (m) | 463 (101) | 482 (85) | 1.000 | 469 (93) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 438 (119) | 0.019 | <0.001 | 0.067 | 479 (81) | <0.001 |
| Patient-reported outcome measure | ||||||||||||
| DASI MET | 8.3 (1.0–8.9) | 8.9 (7.6–9.0) | 1.000 | 8.0 (6.6–9.0) | 0.036 | 0.053 | 7.7 (6.6–9.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.000 | 8.9 (8.0–9.0) | <0.001 |
| EQ5D | 0.837 (0.74–1.0) | 0.837 (0.77–1.0) | 1.000 | 0.837 (0.72–1.0) | 0.144 | 0.177 | 0.806 (0.73–1.0) | 0.039 | 0.027 | 1.000 | 0.879 (0.77–1.0) | 0.004 |
| EQ VAS | 80 (70–90) | 85 (70–93) | 1.000 | 80 (70–90) | 0.029 | 0.202 | 80 (70–90) | 0.024 | 0.179 | 1.000 | 88 (79–95) | 0.005 |
| MLHF | 1.0 (0.0–9.0) | 1.0 (0–7) | 1.0 (0–9.5) | 1.0 (0–12) | 1.0 (0–6.8) | 0.971 | ||||||
Continuous variables are listed either as mean (SD) or median (low quartile-upper quartile); categorical variables are listed as number (%).
6MW, 6 min walk test; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARIC, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; Both=HTN+/T2DM+; Control=HTN−/T2DM−; DASI MET, Duke Activity Score Index with metabolic equivalent task; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; EQ5D, European Quality of Life-5 dimensions; EQVAS, European Quality of Life Visual Analogue Scale; FHS, Framingham Heart Study; HTN, hypertension; MLHF, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure score; PROMs, patient-reported outcome measures; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.