Characteristics of the study population at baseline
| Variable | N | Women | Men |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Sex (n) | 1034 | 544 (52.6) | 490 (47.4) |
| Smoking | 1018 | ||
| Never | 239 (44.6) | 252 (52.2) | |
| Former | 163 (30.4) | 124 (25.7) | |
| Current | 134 (25.0) | 106 (21.9) | |
| Marital status | 1031 | ||
| Never married | 127 (23.5) | 101 (20.7) | |
| Married | 327 (60.3) | 321 (65.6) | |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 88 (16.2) | 67 (13.7) | |
| Education (years) | 1025 | ||
| ≥9 | 83 (15.4) | 54 (11.1) | |
| 10–12 | 273 (50.7) | 265 (54.4) | |
| >12 | 182 (33.8) | 168 (34.5) | |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Age (years) | 1034 | 50.4 (14.1) | 50.2 (13.4) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1031 | 26.4 (4.0) | 26.4 (3.8) |
| Physical activity index | 906 | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.7 (0.8) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 1024 | 127.3 (17.1) | 135.0 (14.0) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 1024 | 71.3 (11.6) | 78.1 (11.2) |
| Resting heart rate (bpm) | 1026 | 70.7 (11.2) | 66.2 (11.1) |
| Total serum cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1028 | 5.6 (1.0) | 5.6 (1.0) |
| HADS-Depression (0–21) | 1034 | 2.9 (2.8) | 2.6 (2.5) |
| HADS-Anxiety (0–21) | 1034 | 3.7 (3.0) | 3.5 (2.8) |
| Ejection fraction (EF) | 1011 | 64.7 (10.1) | 65.1 (9.6) |
| Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) (cm) | 1034 | 1.6 (0.3) | 1.6 (0.2) |
| Longitudinal global strain (%) | 1034 | −17.4 (2.3) | −15.9 (2.2) |
| Longitudinal global strain rate (/s) | 1018 | −1.0 (-0.1) | −1.0 (−0.1) |
| Systolic annular velocity (s′) (cm/s) | 1023 | 8.2 (1.2) | 8.6 (1.4) |
| Diastolic annular velocity (e′) (cm/s) | 1023 | 11.9 (3.2) | 10.7 (3.1) |
| Left ventricular mass index (g) | 1015 | 162.0 (51.5) | 162.7 (49.5) |
| Left atrial volume index (g) | 200 | 3.6 (0.1) | 3.6 (0.1) |
HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.