Characteristics of studies included in meta-analysis
| Study Design | Study | Patients (n) | Location | Time frame | Follow-up | PPIs | Patient population | Outcomes available | DAT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case–control | Juurlinket al46 | PPI: 170 No PPI: 407 | Ontario, Canada | 4/2002–9/2008 | 6 months | L, O, P, R | CVA | All-cause mortality, CVA | <9% |
| Case–control | Valkhoffet al47 | PPI: 4793 No PPI:11 237 | Netherlands | 1/1999–12/2008 | 42.6 months | E, L, O, P, R | MI | MI | NA |
| Case–control | Ching et al48 | PPI: 1128 No PPI: 2159 | Connecticut, USA | 1/2004–11/2008 | 9 months | E, L, O, P, R | PCI with stent | All-cause mortality, MI, revascularisation (TVR) | Yes |
| Case–control | Jiang et al34 | PPI: 1570 No PPI: 1110 | Nanjing, China | 1/2008–1/2011 | 1 year | E, L, O | PCI | GI bleed | Yes |
| Case–control | Garcia Rodriguez et al32 | PPI: 192 No PPI: 177 | UK | 1/2000–12/2007 | >3.5 years | E, L, O, P, R | ACS | GI bleed | NA |
| Retrospective cohort | Ho et al49 | PPI: 5244 No PPI: 2961 | VA hospitals, USA | 8/2003–1/2006 | 521 days | L, O, P, R | ACS | All-cause mortality, ACS, revascularisation | ∼90% |
| Retrospective cohort | Evanchan et al50 | PPI: 1369 No PPI: 4425 | Ohio, USA | 1/2003–1/2008 | 1 year | E, L, O, P | Stent after MI | MI | NA |
| Retrospective cohort | Gaglia et al51 | PPI: 318 No PPI: 502 | Washington DC, USA | 4/2003–4/2007 | 1 year | E, L, O, P, R | PCI with DES | All-cause mortality, MI, revascularisation (TVR), ST | Yes |
| Retrospective cohort | Gaspar et al52 | PPI: 274 No PPI: 528 | Braga, Portugal | 1/2004–3/2008 | 6 months | L, O, R | ACS | All-cause mortality, ACS | Yes |
| Retrospective cohort | Gupta et al53 | PPI: 72 No PPI: 243 | Little Rock, AR, USA | 1/2003–8/2004 | 4 years | L, O, R | PCI with stent | All-cause mortality, revascularisation (TLR) | >95% |
| Retrospective cohort | Kreutz et al54 | PPI: 6828 No PPI: 9862 | Medco Health Database, USA | 10/2005–9/2006 | 1 year | E, L, O, P, R | PCI with stent | CV death, MI, ACS, revascularisation, CVA | NA |
| Retrospective cohort | Tentzeris et al55 | PPI: 691 No PPI: 519 | Vienna, Austria | 1/2003–12/2006 | 7.8 months | E, L, O, P, R | PCI with stent | All-cause mortality, CV mortality, ACS, ST | Yes |
| Retrospective cohort | van Boxel et al23 | PPI: 5734 No PPI:12 405 | The Netherlands | 1/2006–12/2007 | 1–2 years | E, L, O, P, R | NA | All-cause mortality, MI, ACS, CVA | ∼78% |
| Retrospective cohort | Wu et al56 | PPI: 311 No PPI: 5551 | Taiwan | 7/2002–6/2005 | 1 year | E, L, O, P, R | ACS | ACS, revascularisation | NA |
| Retrospective cohort | Yasu et al57 | PPI: 103 No PPI: 188 | Kamakura, Japan | 6/2006–3/2009 | 395 days | R | PCI with DES | CV mortality, ACS, revascularisation, ST, GI bleed | Yes |
| Retrospective cohort | Munoz-Torrero et al58 | PPI: 519 No PPI: 703 | Spain | 3/2003–3/2009 | 15 months | L, O, P | Atherosclerotic disease | All-cause mortality, MI, CVA | ∼65% |
| Retrospective cohort | Hauptle et al33 | PPI: 87 No PPI: 631 | Switzerland | 1/2005–12/2006 | 1 year | E, L, O, P, R | PCI for ACS | GI bleed | Yes |
| Retrospective cohort | Ortolani et al59 | PPI: 3519 No PPI: 377 | Emilia-Romagna, Italy | 1/2008–8/2008 | 1 year | E, L, O, P, R | ACS | All-cause mortality, ACS, revascularisation | >91% |
| Retrospective cohort | Nakayama et al35 | PPI: 280 No PPI: 284 | Tokyo, Japan | 1/2005–12/2009 | 880 days | L, O, R | PCI | Revascularisation (TLR) | Yes |
| Retrospective cohort | Zou et al36 | PPI: 6188 No PPI: 1465 | Nanjing, China | 10/2005–9/2010 | 1 year | E, O, P | ACS with DES | CV death, MI, revascularisation (TVR), ST | Yes |
| Cohort | Zairis et al60 | PPI: 340 No PPI: 248 | Piraeus, Greece | 4/2003–1/2005 | 1 year | O | PCI with stent | CV mortality, MI, revascularisation, ST | >97% |
| Cohort | Hokimoto and Ogawa61 | PPI: 37 No PPI: 133 | Japan | NA | 1 year | R | DAT | CV mortality, ACS, revascularisation, CVA, GI bleed | Yes |
| Cohort | Hudzik et al62 | PPI: 18 No PPI: 20 | Poland | 1/2006–7/2008 | 1 year | O | PCI with stent | MI, ACS, CVA | Yes |
| Cohort | Banerjee et al63 | PPI: 867 No PPI: 3678 | Veteran Affairs Database, USA | 1/2003–12/2008 | 1 year | E, L, O, P, R | PCI with stent | All-cause mortality, MI, revascularisation | NA |
| Cohort | Rossini et al64 | PPI: 1158 No PPI: 170 | Northern Italy | NA | 1 year | L, O, P | PCI with DES | All-cause mortality, ST | Yes |
| Cohort | Simon et al22 | PPI: 1052 No PPI: 711 | France | NA | 1 year | E, L, O, P | MI | All-cause mortality | NA |
| Cohort | Chitose et al65 | PPI: 187 No PPI: 443 | Multicenter, Japan | 6/2008–3/2009 | 18 months | L, O, R | PCI with stent | CV mortality, MI, CVA | Yes |
| Cohort | Douglas et al31 | PPI: 12 439 No PPI:16 900 | UK | 1/2003–7/2009 | 303 days | E, L, O | UK national database | All-cause mortality, CV mortality, MI | Yes |
| Post hoc analysis of RCT | O'Donoghue et al66 | PPI: 2257 No PPI: 4538 | Multinational | <9/2007 | 15 months | E, L, O, P, R | PCI for ACS, >94% stent | All-cause mortality, CV mortality, MI, ST | >96% |
| Post hoc analysis of RCT | Burkard et al67 | PPI: 109 No PPI: 692 | Basel, Switzerland | 5/2003–5/2004 | 36 months | E, L, O, P | PCI with stent | All-cause mortality, CV mortality, MI, revascularisation (TVR), ST | >91% |
| Post hoc analysis of RCT | Goodman et al68 | PPI: 3255 No PPI: 6021 | Multinational | 10/2006–7/2008 | 1 year | E, L, O, P, R | ACS | All-cause mortality, CV mortality, ST | >97% |
| PSM cohort | Harjai et al19 | PPI: 685 No PPI: 685 | Sayre, PA, USA | 7/2001–12/2007 | 6 months | E, O | PCI | All-cause mortality, MI, revascularisation (TVR), ST | >98% |
| PSM cohort | Hsiao et al69 | PPI: 622 No PPI: 9131 | Taiwan | 2000–2007 | >6 months | E, L, O, P, R | ACS | ACS | Yes |
| PSM cohort | Aihara et al70 | PPI: 1068 No PPI: 819 | Ibakari, Japan | 2/2006–8/2009 | 1 year | L, O, R | PCI with stent | All-cause mortality, MI, revascularisation, ST, CVA, GI bleed | Yes |
| PSM cohort | Bhurke et al30 | PPI: 2958 No PPI: 7143 | USA | 1/2001–12/2008 | 268 days | E, L, O, P, R | ACS | MI, revascularisation | NA |
| PSM cohort | Lin et al71 | PPI: 5173 No PPI:31 926 | Taiwan | 1/2006–12/007 | 580 days | E, L, O, P, R | ACS | ACS, revascularisation | NA |
| RCT | Bhatt et al7 | PPI: 1876 No PPI: 1885 | Multinational | 1/2008–12/2008 | 180 days | O | ACS or stent | All-cause mortality, CV mortality, MI, revascularisation, CVA, GI bleed | Yes |
| RCT | Hsu et al24 | PPI: 83 No PPI: 82 | Taiwan | 8/2008–1/2010 | 6 months | E | History of GI ulcer | MI, ACS, CVA | NA |
| RCT | Hsu72 | PPI: 157 No PPI: 161 | Taiwan | 1/2008–11/2010 | 6 months | E | History of GI ulcer | GI bleed | NA |
ACS: acute coronary syndrome; CV: cardiovascular; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; DAT: dual antiplatelet therapy; DES: drug-eluting stent E: esomeprazole; GI: gastrointestinal; L: lansoprazole; MI: myocardial infarction; NA: not available or not applicable; O: omeprazole; P: pantoprazole; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; PPI: proton pump inhibitor; PSM: propensity score matched; R: rabeprazole; RCT: randomised controlled trial; ST: stent thrombosis; TLR: target lesion revascularisation; TVR: target vessel revascularisation.